South Africa, sentence 48
From Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Rainmaking was crucial to the development of sacral kingship, and several rainmaking sites have been found nearby including Ratho Kroonkop.
Who acts: Rainmaking · What happens: be, find, include, develop · To what, where: several rainmaking sites, sacral kingship
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Rainmaking), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rainmaking | rainmaking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 crucial | nsubj |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 crucial | cop |
| 3 | crucial | crucial | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | ADP | _ | 6 development | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 development | det |
| 6 | development | development | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 crucial | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 kingship | case |
| 8 | sacral | sacral | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 kingship | amod |
| 9 | kingship | kingship | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 development | nmod |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 found | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 found | cc |
| 12 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 sites | amod |
| 13 | rainmaking | rainmaking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 sites | compound |
| 14 | sites | site | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 found | nsubj:pass |
| 15 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 found | aux |
| 16 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 17 found | aux:pass |
| 17 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 crucial | conj |
| 18 | nearby | nearby | ADV | _ | 17 found | advmod |
| 19 | including | include | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 Ratho | case |
| 20 | Ratho | Ratho | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 found | obl |
| 21 | Kroonkop | Kroonkop | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 Ratho | flat |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 crucial | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | Rainmaking | to the development of sacral kingship; crucial property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | find | present · perfect · passive | several rainmaking sites | include Ratho; nearby property | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | ||||
| 3 | include | gerund | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | develop | sacral kingship | nom development «act transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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