South Korea · page 7
From Wikipedia, «South Korea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Modern Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles.504 Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design.505 In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variety of styles in its architectural landscape, with the opening of the market to foreign architects.[345]506 Contemporary architectural efforts have attempted to balance the traditional philosophy of "harmony with nature" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.[346]507
Entertainment
Main article: Cinema of South Korea, Korean drama, Korean Wave, K-pop, Mass media in South Korea
In addition to domestic consumption, South Korea has a thriving entertainment industry, in which television dramas, films, and popular music have garnered international popularity and generated significant export revenues for the nation's economy.508 The cultural phenomenon known as Hallyu, or the "Korean Wave", has swept many countries across Continental and East Asia, making South Korea a major soft power as an exporter of popular culture and entertainment, rivaling Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom.[347][348][349][350][351]509
Until the 1990s, trot and traditional folk-based ballads dominated the South Korean popular music scene.510 The emergence of the pop group Seo Taiji and Boys in 1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop.511 Since the 1990s, the genre of K-pop has continuously engaged in a process of ongoing reinvention and modernization by assimilating various elements of popular musical genres and trends from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, hip-hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots.[352]512 Although Western-style pop, hip-hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, and electronic dance-oriented acts have become dominant in the contemporary South Korean popular music scene, trot continues to be appreciated and enjoyed by older South Koreans.513 K-pop idols are well known across Continental Asia, have found fame in the Western World, and have generated millions of dollars in export revenue beyond the confines of the traditional East Asian music market.514 Many K-pop acts have also established themselves by securing a strong global following using online social media platforms such as YouTube.515 K-pop first began to make its mark outside of Continental and East Asia following the unexpected success of singer Psy's international music sensation, "Gangnam Style", which topped global music charts in 2012.516
Since the success of the film Shiri in 1999, the Korean film industry has grown substantially, garnering recognition both nationwide and across the globe.517 Domestic films have a dominant share of the South Korean film market, partly because of the existence of government screen quotas requiring cinemas to show Korean films for at least 73 days of the year.[353]518 2019's Parasite, directed by Bong Joon-ho, became the highest-grossing film in South Korea as well as the first non-English language film to win Best Picture at the United States-based Academy Awards that year amongst numerous other accolades.519
South Korean television shows have become popular outside of Korea.520 Television dramas, known as K-dramas, have begun to find fame internationally.521 Many dramas tend to have a romantic focus.522 Historical dramas are also famous.[354][355]523 The 2021 survival drama Squid Game, created by Hwang Dong-hyuk, received critical acclaim and widespread international attention upon its release, becoming Netflix's most-watched series at launch and garnering a viewership of more than 142 million households during its first four weeks from launch.[356][357][358][359]524
Unlike many other countries, South Korea's cultural exports, including K-pop and television dramas, are integrated into a formal state development strategy.525 The South Korean government allocates substantial annual funding exceeding several billion dollars to foster K-content as a tool for national branding and soft power.526 This systematic investment aims to project a modernized image of the country and stimulate economic growth through increased tourism and cultural exports. [360][361]527
Holidays
Main article: Public holidays in South Korea
The Korean New Year, or "Seollal", is celebrated on the first day of the Korean calendar.528 Korean Independence Day falls on March 1 and commemorates the March First Movement of 1919.529 Memorial Day is celebrated on June 6, and its purpose is to honor the men and women who died in South Korea's independence movement.530 Constitution Day is on July 17, and it celebrates the promulgation of Constitution of the Republic of Korea.531 Liberation Day, on August 15, celebrates Korea's liberation from the Empire of Japan in 1945.532
Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the Midautumn Festival, in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods.533 On October 1, Armed Forces Day is celebrated, honoring the military forces of South Korea.534 October 3 is National Foundation Day.535 Hangul Day on October 9 commemorates the invention of hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language.536
Cuisine
Main article: Korean cuisine, South Korean cuisine
Korean cuisine, hanguk yori, or hansik, has evolved through centuries of social and political change.537 Ingredients and dishes vary by province.538 There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day.539 The Korean royal court cuisine once brought all of the unique regional specialties together for the royal family.540 Meals consumed both by the royal family and ordinary citizens have been regulated by a unique culture of etiquette.541
Korean cuisine is largely based on rice, noodles, tofu, vegetables, fish and meats.542 Traditional meals are noted for the number of side dishes, banchan, which accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice.543 Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan.544 Kimchi, a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish, is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best-known dishes.545 Korean cuisine usually involves heavy seasoning with sesame oil, doenjang (a type of fermented soybean paste), soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, and gochujang (a hot pepper paste).546 Other well-known dishes are bulgogi, grilled marinated beef; gimbap; and tteokbokki, a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste.547
Soups are also a common part of a meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal.548 Soups known as guk are often made with meats, shellfish and vegetables.549 Similar to guk, tang has less water and is more often served in restaurants.550 Another type is jjigae, a stew that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot.551
Popular Korean alcoholic drinks include Soju, Makgeolli and Bokbunja ju.552 Korea is unique among East Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks.553 Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites.[362]554
Sports
Main article: Sport in South Korea
The martial art taekwondo originated in Korea.555 In the 1950s and 1960s, modern rules were standardized, with taekwondo becoming an official Olympic sport in 2000.[363]556 Other Korean martial arts include Taekkyon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak.[364]557
Football has traditionally been regarded as the most popular sport in Korea, with baseball as the second.[365]558 Recent polling indicates that a majority, 41% of South Korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football fans, with baseball ranked 2nd at 25% of respondents.559 However, the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports.[366]560
The national football team became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the FIFA World Cup semi-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan.561 The Korea Republic national team (as it is known) has qualified for every World Cup since Mexico 1986, and has broken out of the group stage in 2002, in 2010, when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist Uruguay in the Round of 16, and in 2022.562 At the 2012 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the bronze medal for football.563
Baseball was first introduced to Korea in 1905.[367][368][369]564 Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games.[370][371]565 The Korea Professional Baseball league, a 10-team circuit, was established in 1982.566 The South Korea national team finished third in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and second in the 2009 tournament.567 The team's 2009 final game against Japan was widely watched in Korea, with a large screen at Gwanghwamun crossing in Seoul broadcasting the game live.[372]568 In the 2008 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the gold medal in baseball.[373]569 Also in 1982, at the Baseball World Cup, Korea won the gold medal.570 At the 2010 Asian Games, the Korean National Baseball team won the gold medal.571 Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball.572
Basketball is a popular sport in the country as well.573 South Korea has traditionally had one of the top basketball teams in Asia and one of the continent's strongest basketball divisions.574 Seoul hosted the 1967 and 1995 Asian Basketball Championship.575 The Korea national basketball team has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date.[374]576
South Korea hosted the Asian Games in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan), and 2014 (Incheon).577 It also hosted the Winter Universiade in 1997, the Asian Winter Games in 1999, and the Summer Universiade in 2003 and 2015.578 In 1988, South Korea hosted the Summer Olympics in Seoul, coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals, and 11 bronze medals.579 South Korea regularly performs well in archery, shooting, table tennis, badminton, short track speed skating, handball, field hockey, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, baseball, judo, taekwondo, speed skating, figure skating, and weightlifting.580 The Seoul Olympic Museum is dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics.581
Pyeongchang hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics.582 South Korea has won more medals in the Winter Olympics than any other Asian country, with a total of 45 (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze).583 At the 2010 Winter Olympics, South Korea ranked fifth in the overall medal rankings.584 South Korea is especially strong in short track speed skating.585 Speed skating and figure skating are also popular, and ice hockey is an emerging sport, with Anyang Halla winning their first ever Asia League Ice Hockey title in March 2010.[375]586
Seoul hosted a professional triathlon race, which is part of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Championship Series in 2010.[376]587 In 2011, the South Korean city of Daegu hosted the 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics.[377]588 In 2010, South Korea hosted its first Formula One race at the Korea International Circuit in Yeongam.[378]589 The Korean Grand Prix was held from 2010 to 2013.[379]590
Domestic horse racing events are followed by South Koreans and Seoul Race Park in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi Province is located closest to Seoul out of the country's three tracks.[380]591
Competitive video gaming, better known as esports, has become more popular in South Korea in recent years, particularly among young people.[381]592 The two most popular games are League of Legends and StarCraft.593 The gaming scene is managed by the Korean e-Sports Association.594
See also
State Council of South Korea ("cabinet" of South Korea)
Further reading
Amsden, Alice (1992). "Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization". Oxford University Press.
Breen, Michael (2004). "The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies". St. Martin's Griffin.
Hart, Dennis (2003). "From Tradition to Consumption: Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea". Author.
Cumings, Bruce (1997). "Korea's place in the sun". W.W. Norton.
Lew, Yong Ick. The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence (University of Hawai'i Press; 2013); scholarly biography; 576 pages;
Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). "Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.)". Hollym.
Schneidewind, Dieter K. (2016). "Economic Miracle Market South Korea: A Blueprint for Economic Growth in Developing Nations". Springer.
Yang Sung-chul (1999). "The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.)". Hollym.
Yonhap News Agency (2004). "Korea Annual 2004".
Yuan, Robert T. (1988). "Biotechnology in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan". Macmillan Publishers ltd.
External links
(Korea.net)
Korea National Statistical Office
South Korea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
A Country Study: South Korea in the Library of Congress
South Korea profile from BBC News
South Korea Encyclopædia Britannica entry
Key Development Forecasts for South Korea from International Futures
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