South Sudan · page 5
From Wikipedia, «South Sudan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
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Education
Main article: Education in South Sudan
Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modelled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya).386 Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four years of university instruction.387
The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the language of instruction is Arabic.388 In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as the official language of communication.389 There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields.390
On 1 October 2019, the South Sudan Library Foundation opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in Gudele 2.[255][256]391 The library currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of over 13,000 books.[256]392 The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.[255][256][257]393
In 2025, UNICEF reported that around 3 million children were out of school, limiting their access to education and future opportunities.[258]394
Health
Main article: Health in South Sudan
South Sudan has one of the weakest health systems in the world, marked by a severely weakened public health system, shortages of qualified health workers, and restricted access to care.395 These problems have been shaped by decades of conflict, poverty, low literacy, and the country's largely rural economy, in which much of the population depends on subsistence farming or animal husbandry.[259]396
Even before independence, South Sudan had among the worst health indicators in the world, a situation that has persisted since then.[260][261]397 Neonatal and maternal mortality rates remain among the highest globally, life expectancy is low, and in 2016, the country had the second-lowest expected human capital among 195 countries.[262]398
The country's health burden includes widespread malaria,[263] recurrent cholera outbreaks,[264] food insecurity, and undernutrition.[265][266]399 Conflict and insecurity have further weakened the health system by damaging facilities, reducing access to basic services, and restricting humanitarian access.[267]400
Humanitarian situation
The continued fighting has caused severe humanitarian harm.401 Civilians have been killed, homes and vital infrastructure have been damaged, destroyed or looted, and hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced.402 Insecurity has also limited humanitarian access, leaving many communities without essential assistance.[261]403
As of December 2017, an estimated 42% of the South Sudanese population was facing severe security conditions, with most of the affected being young people and children.[268]404 According to the United Nations, 8.3 million people were in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021.[269]405
In 2025, 7.7 million people, or 57% of the population, faced acute food insecurity, with conflict as the main driver,[270] next to escalating insecurity that displaced large numbers of people, together with recurrent flooding that continued to undermine livelihoods and agricultural production.[271]406 Malnutrition also worsened, with 2.3 million children at risk of acute malnutrition, amid access constraints, health service disruptions, and a cholera outbreak affecting Upper Nile and Unity states.[270]407
In 2026, South Sudan remained in a severe humanitarian crisis, with around 10 million people, about two-thirds of the population, estimated to need humanitarian assistance.408 More than 2.3 million South Sudanese were refugees or asylum-seekers abroad, while 2.5 million people were internally displaced.409 Food insecurity was acute: the IPC projected that over 7.5 million people would face high levels of acute food insecurity during the 2026 lean season, with several areas at risk of famine.[261]410 The crisis in South Sudan has been worsened by the war in neighbouring Sudan.411 By April 2026, more than 1.3 million people had entered South Sudan, including 900,000 South Sudanese returnees.[261]412
Refugees
Main article: Refugees of South Sudan
As a result of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people, one in every five people in South Sudan, were forced to flee their homes.413 This included about 1.66 million internally displaced people (IDPs), an estimated 53.4% of whom were children, and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries.414 Some 185,000 IDPs sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians sites, while around 90% remained outside these locations, either on the move or sheltering elsewhere.[272]415 In response, UNHCR stepped up its engagement through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration.416 In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.[273]417
As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 refugees, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the War in Darfur.418 Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[273]419
By January 2025, more than one million people had fled the 2023 war in Sudan for South Sudan.[274]420 By November 2025, the continued arrivals, alongside returning South Sudanese nationals, placed additional pressure on already strained markets, services, and natural resources, while a prolonged economic crisis sharply reduced household purchasing power.421 These conditions were further aggravated by disease outbreaks, limited access to health care, and inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene services.[271]422
Culture
Main article: Culture of South Sudan
See also: Tourism in South Sudan
Due to the many years of civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours.423 Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture.424 Most of those who remained in Sudan until or after independence partially assimilated to Sudanese culture and speak Juba Arabic or Sudanese Arabic.425
Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and dialect even while in exile and diaspora.426 Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, Swahili might be introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbours.[275]427
Music
Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Juba Arabic, their native African language or a mix of all.428 Popular artists like Barbz, Yaba Angelosi, De Peace Child sing Afro-beat, R&B, and Zouk; Dynamq is popular for his reggae releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings folk, reggae and Afro-beat.[276]429 Also hip hop artists like Emmanuel Jal, FTG Metro, Flizzame and Dugga Mulla (of FMG).430 Emmanuel being one of the South Sudaneses music artists who have broken through on an international level[277] with his unique form of hip hop and a positive message in his lyrics.[278]431 Jal, a former child soldier turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK[279] and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like TED.[280]432
Media
Main article: Media of South Sudan
While former Information Minister Barnaba Marial Benjamin vowed that South Sudan will respect freedom of the press and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of Juba corpus newspaper The Citizen claimed that in the absence of a formal freedom of the press law, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces.433 This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an Al Jazeera report to the difficulty SPLM has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government.434 The Citizen is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like Northern Bahr el Ghazal.[281]435 In May 2020, South Sudan Friendship Press was established as the country's first dedicated online news website.[282]436 Nile citizens is laid out as the nation's committed web-based news site.[283]437
Censorship
On 1 November 2011, South Sudan's National Security Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, Destiny, and suspended its activities indefinitely.438 This was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled "Let Me Say So", which criticised the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of "staining his patriotism".439 An official letter accused the newspaper of breaking "the media code of conduct and professional ethics", and of publishing "illicit news" that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities.440 The Committee to Protect Journalists had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South Sudan in September.[284]441 The NSS released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.[285]442
In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported "against the country".[286]443 Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the country, such as documentarian Ochan Hannington.[287]444 In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a 24-hour news blackout.[288]445
In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist, Christopher Allen, was killed in Kaya, Yei River State, during fighting between government and opposition forces.446 Christopher Allen was a freelance journalist who had worked for several US news outlets.447 He had been reportedly embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was killed.[289]448 The same month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan were being driven by the propaganda from social media users conspiring against his government.[290]449 Just a month prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs including Sudan Tribune and Radio Tamazuj[291] had been blocked by the government without formal notice.[292]450 In June 2020, access to Sudans Post, a local news website, was blocked by the government following the publication of an article deemed defamatory by the NSS.[293]451 Two months later, Qurium Media Foundation, a Swedish non-profit organisation, announced that it has deployed a mirror for the website to circumvent the government blocking.[294]452
Sports
Main article: Sport in South Sudan
Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles.453 The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons.454 During the matches, they smeared themselves with ochre – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception.455 The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers.456 Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.[295]457 Association football is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play.458 One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA).459 SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached.460 In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the CECAFA youth football competitions.461 Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments.[296]462
The South Sudan national association football team joined the Confederation of African Football in February 2012 and became a full FIFA member in May 2012.[297]463 The team played its first match against Tusker FC of the Kenyan Premier League on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,[298] scoring early but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.[299]464 Famous South Sudanese footballers are Machop Chol, James Moga, Richard Justin, Athir Thomas, Goma Genaro Awad, Khamis Leyano, Khamis Martin, William Afani Clicks and Roy Gulwak.465
The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball players.466 Luol Deng was a National Basketball Association star in the United States; at the international level, he represented Great Britain.467 Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include Manute Bol, Kueth Duany, Deng Gai, Ater Majok, Wenyen Gabriel, and Thon Maker.468 The South Sudan national basketball team played its first match against the Uganda national basketball team on 10 July 2011 in Juba.[298]469 The nation made their debut at the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2023.470 The also made their AfroBasket debut in 2021 finishing 7th.471
One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics.472 Due to South Sudan not yet having an official Olympics organisation, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with three athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles, competed under the banner of Independent Olympic Athletes.473
On 2 August at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was granted full recognition of its National Olympic Committee.474 South Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics with three athletes in track and field.475 No medals were won during this Olympics.[300]476
See also
Further reading
– Sudan
Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to Prevent, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), ISBN 978-1-77112-117-0
Mohamed Omer Beshir: The Southern Sudan. Background to Conflict. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968.
Biel, Melha Rout (2007). "South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement". Netzbandt Verlag.
Daly, M. W.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (2016). "A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence". Cambridge University Press.
Tvedt, Terje (2004). "South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols)". IB Tauris.
"Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir". BBC News. 5 January 2011.
"No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan". Human Rights Watch. June 2009.
External links
Government of South Sudan – USA and UN Mission
Government of South Sudan – UK Mission
South Sudan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
South Sudan profile from the BBC News.
Cana, Frank Richardson.
Photographer's Account of South Sudan – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"
"Sudan's Shaky Peace", National Geographic, November 2010.
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