Vatican City · page 4
From Wikipedia, «Vatican City», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
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There is a standard gauge Vatican Railway and a Vatican City railway station, mainly used to transport freight.264 It is connected to Italy's network at Rome's Roma San Pietro railway station by an 852 m spur, 300 m of which is within Vatican territory.[134]265 Pope John XXIII was the first pope to use the railway.266 Pope John Paul II rarely used it.[134]267
The closest metro station is Ottaviano – San Pietro – Musei Vaticani.[135]268
Telecommunications and mass media
The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service.[136]269
The Vatican controls its own Internet top-level domain, which is registered as (.va).270 Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City.271 Vatican City has a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators.272
In 2015, Vatican News web portal, L'Osservatore Romano daily newspaper, Vatican Radio and Vatican Media (formerly Vatican Television Center) were brought together under the Dicastery for Communication, which is now the single point of reference of the Holy See for communication.[137]273 Other institutions managed by the Dicastery for Communication are the Vatican Printing Press (founded in 1587), the Vatican Publishing House (founded in 1926) and the Vatican Film Archive.[138]274
Vatican Radio, which was organized by Guglielmo Marconi, broadcasts on short-wave, medium-wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet.[139]275 Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission.276 For this reason, the Vatican Radio has been sued.277 Photo, audio and video services are provided through another entity, Vatican Media.[140][138]278
Postal service
A postal system (Poste Vaticane) was created on 13 February 1929.279 On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State.[141]280 The city's postal service is sometimes said to be "the best in the world",[142] and faster than the postal service in Rome.[142]281
The international postal country code prefix is SCV.282 The postal code is 00120 – altogether SCV-00120.[143]283
Healthcare
See also: Vatican Pharmacy, Bambino Gesù Hospital
Sustainability
In 2008, the Vatican began an "ecological island" for renewable waste and has continued the initiative throughout the papacy of Francis.284 These innovations included, for example, the installation of a solar power system on the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall.285 In July 2019, it was announced that Vatican City would ban the use and sale of single-use plastics as soon as its supply was depleted, well before the 2021 deadline established by the European Union.286 It is estimated that 50–55% of Vatican City's municipal solid waste is properly sorted and recycled, with the goal of reaching the EU standard of 70–75%.[144]287
Demographics
See also: Demographics of Vatican City, Women in Vatican City
as of 2024 Vatican City has a population of 882 residents, regardless of citizenship.[15]288 There are 372 Vatican citizens residing elsewhere,[15] consisting of diplomats of the Holy See to other countries and cardinals residing in Rome.[145]289
The population is composed of clergy, other religious members, laypeople serving the state (such as the Swiss Guard) and their family members.[146]290 In 2013, there were 13 families of the employees of the Holy See living in Vatican City.[147]291 In 2019, there were 20 children of the Swiss Guards living at the Vatican.[148]292 All citizens, residents, and places of worship in the city are Catholic.293 The city receives thousands of tourists and workers every day.294
class=nowrap style=line-height:1.5 | Vatican City population on 31 December 2024[15]295
- Citizenship; colspan=2; other296
- Residency; other; colspan=2297
- Pope; 1298
- Cardinals; 56; 10299
- Diplomats; 316300
- Swiss Guard; 104301
- Others; 131; 636302
- Total; colspan=2; 636303
- 372; 246304
- colspan=2305
- colspan=3306
class=nowrap style=line-height:1.5 | Vatican City population on 1 March 2011[146]307
- Sex; all; male; female308
- Citizenship; colspan=2; other; colspan=2; other; colspan=2; other309
- Residency; other; colspan=2; other; colspan=2; other; colspan=2310
- Pope; 1; 1311
- Cardinals; 43; 30; 43; 30312
- Diplomats; 306; 306313
- Swiss Guard; 86; 86314
- Other religious; 50; 197; 49; 102; 1; 95315
- Other lay; 56; 24; 25; 3; 31; 21316
- Total; colspan=2; 221; colspan=2; 105; colspan=2; 116317
- 349; 223; 349; 191; 32318
- colspan=2; colspan=2; colspan=2319
- colspan=3; colspan=3; colspan=3320
Languages
Further information: Languages of Vatican City
Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications.[149]321 Italian is the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state.322 In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands.323 Individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Italian or Romansh.324 The official websites of the Holy See[150] and of Vatican City[151] are primarily in Italian, with versions of their pages in a large number of languages, to varying extents.325
Citizenship
Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis (birth from a citizen, even outside the state's territory) or on jus soli (birth within the territory of the state), citizenship of Vatican City is granted on jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See.326 This includes Cardinals resident either within Vatican City or elsewhere in Rome, diplomats of the Holy See, and any other person resident in Vatican City due to their occupation.[152]327 It usually ceases upon the cessation of the appointment.328 Citizenship is extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided that they are living together in the city.[145]329 Some individuals are authorized to reside in the city but do not qualify or choose not to request citizenship.[145]330 Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen, as provided in the Lateran Treaty.[49]331
The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues ordinary passports for its citizens.332
Statistical oddities
In statistics comparing countries in per capita or per area metrics, Vatican City is often an outlier – these stem from the state's small size and ecclesiastical function.[153]333 For example, as most of the roles which would confer citizenship are reserved for men, the gender ratio of Vatican City citizenship is several men per woman.[154]334 Further oddities are petty crimes against tourists, resulting in a very high per-capita crime rate,[155] and the city-state leading the world in per-capita wine consumption due to its sacramental use.[153]335 A jocular illustration of these anomalies is sometimes made by calculating a "popes per km2" statistic, which is greater than two because Vatican City is less than half a square kilometre in area.[156]336
Culture
See also: Music of Vatican City
Cultural heritage
See also: Architecture of Vatican City, Vatican Museums
The Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world.337 St Peter's Basilica, designed by a succession of architects including Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is a renowned work of Renaissance architecture.338 The Sistine Chapel is famous for its frescos, which include works by Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Sandro Botticelli, as well as the ceiling and Last Judgment by Michelangelo.339 The interiors of the Vatican were decorated by artists including Raphael and Fra Angelico.340
The Vatican Apostolic Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance.[157]341 Added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites in 1984, the Vatican is the only site to consist of an entire state.[158]342 It is the only UNESCO site registered as a centre containing monuments in the "International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection" according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.[158]343
Science
Following in the footsteps of the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei founded by Pope Pius IX in 1847, Pope Pius XI founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936.344 Located in the Casina Pio IV, it brings together scientists who made contributions to mathematical, physical and natural sciences, and medicine.345 It also focuses on epistemological issues and the history of science.346 Among the academicians, there are or were the astrophysicist Martin John Rees, the mathematician Cédric Villani, the theoretical physicist Edward Witten, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureates Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, and Ernest Rutherford, the geneticists Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francis Collins, the head transplant pioneer Robert J. White, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Alexander Fleming.[159][160]347
The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences is another pontifical academy of the Holy See located in the Vatican City.[161]348 The seat of the Pontifical Academy for Life, which deals with bioethics and ethics of technology, is at San Callisto complex, a Vatican extraterritorial property.[162][163]349
The Vatican Observatory, whose origins date back to the 16th century, continues to contribute to astronomical research, especially through a partnership with the University of Arizona and the infrared and optical Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope in Arizona, and to astronomical education and "popular science" projects.350 As a member of the International Astronomical Union and the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, it deals with research on cosmological models, stellar classification, binary stars, and nebulae.351 It has contributed to philosophical interdisciplinary studies at the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences in Berkeley, California and research on the history of astronomy thanks to its extensive library, which includes a meteorite collection.[164]352
The first telescopes of the Vatican Observatory in the Gardens of Vatican City and near St. Peter's Basilica were among those used to create the Carte du Ciel,[165] but they progressively became useless for research purposes due to light pollution in the 1930s.353 Consequently, Pope Pius XI moved the observatory to the Vatican extraterritorial Palace of Castel Gandolfo.[166]354
Sport
Main article: Sport in Vatican City
The Vatican City is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and does not compete in the Olympic Games, though it has participated in some international sporting events, including the World Cycling Championships,[167] the Championships of the Small States of Europe and the Mediterranean Games.[168]355 Vatican City has its own athletics association, Athletica Vaticana.[169]356
Football in Vatican City is organized by the Vatican Amateur Sports Association, which holds the national championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with eight teams, including, for example, the Swiss Guard's FC Guardia and police and museum guard teams.[170]357 The association organizes the Coppa Sergio Valci and the Vatican Supercoppa.358 It controls the Vatican City national football team, which is neither affiliated with UEFA nor FIFA.359
See also
Index of Vatican City-related articles
Timeline of fictional stories set in Vatican City
Bibliography
- Chadwick, Owen (1988). "360 Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War".361 Cambridge University Press.362
- Nichols, Fiona (2006). "363 Rome and the Vatican".364 New Holland.365
- Petacco, Laura (2016). "366 La Spina: dall'Agro vaticano a via della Conciliazione".367 Rome.368
- Liverani, Paolo (2016). "369 La Spina: dall'Agro vaticano a via della Conciliazione".370 Rome.371
Further reading
Kent, Peter C. (2002). "The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950". McGill-Queen's University Press.
Martens, Kurt. "The Position of the Holy See and Vatican City State in International Relations". University of Detroit Mercy Law Review.
Morley, John F. (1980). "Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939–1943". Ktav Pub. House.
Ricci, Corrado; Begni, Ernesto (2003). "The Vatican: Its History, Its Treasures". Kessinger Publishing.
Shaw, Tamsin, "Ethical Espionage" (review of Calder Walton, Spies: The Epic Intelligence War Between East and West, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 672 pp.; and Cécile Fabre, Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence, Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 2024), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 2 (8 February 2024), pp. 32, 34–35. "[I]n Walton's view, there was scarcely a US covert action that was a long-term strategic success, with the possible exception of intervention in the Soviet–Afghan War (a disastrous military fiasco for the Soviets) and perhaps support for the anti-Soviet Solidarity movement in Poland corpus." (p. 34.)
External links
Official website of the Holy See
Inside the Vatican on National Geographic YouTube channel
Vatican Chief of State and Cabinet Members
Holy See (Vatican City). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Holy See (Vatican City) from *UCB Libraries GovPubs
The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available on the Internet as PDF)
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References
1. According to paragraph 2 of the Law on the Sources of Law of 7 June 1929, all laws and state regulations are published in Italian in the Supplement for the Laws and Regulations of the State of Vatican City, attached to the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. The text of the first seven points published in the supplement is provided here: "ACTA APOSTOLIGAE SEDIS SUPPLEMENTO PER LE LEGGI E DISPOSIZIONI DELLO STATO DELLA CITTÀ DEL VATICANO".
2. "About the Holy See". GAC. 2022-07-20.
3. Italian is the official working language of Vatican City. The Holy See's official language is Latin, with French the international diplomatic language.[2]
4. "Regimini Ecclesiae Universae, I, I, 10".
5. "Vatican City :: Italy Explained".
6. "Legislative and Executive Bodies". Vatican City State.
7. Pope John Paul II (26 November 2000). "Fundamental Law of Vatican City State". Vatican City State.
8. All powers delegated by the sovereign[6][7]
9. Ekpo, Anthony (2024). "The Roman Curia: History, Theology, and Organization". Georgetown University Press.
10. "Lateran Treaty". Encyclopedia Britannica.
11. The Lateran Treaty was ratified,[9] and took effect, on 7 June 1929.[10]
12. De Agostini Atlas Calendar , 1930, p. 99.
13. De Agostini Atlas Calendar , 1945–1946, p. 128.
14. The De Agostini Atlas Calendar listed the area of Vatican City as 44 ha (0.44 km²) in its 1930 edition[12] but corrected it to 49 ha (0.49 km²) in its 1945–1946 edition.[13]
15. "Population". Vatican City State. 31 December 2024.
16. ITU-T assigned code 379 to Vatican City. However, Vatican City is included in the Italian telephone numbering plan and uses the Italian country code 39, followed by 06 (for Rome) and 698.
17. /ˈvætɪkən_ˈsɪti/
18. Sometimes "the Vatican City".
19. "Stato della Città del Vaticano".
20. "La Santa Sede". Vatican.va.
21. Stato della Città del Vaticano[19][20] (ˈstaːto della tʃitˈta ddel vatiˈkaːno) is the name used in the text of the state's Fundamental Law and in the state's official website.
22. The ecclesiastical, and therefore official, pronunciation is ˈstatus tʃiviˈtatis vatiˈkane; the classical one is ˈstatʊs kiːwɪˈtaːtɪs waːtɪˈkaːnae̯.
23. In the languages used by the Secretariat of State of the Holy See (except English, Latin and Italian, as already mentioned above):; Cité du Vatican—État de la Cité du Vatican; Vatikanstadt, cf. Vatikan—Staat Vatikanstadt (in Austria: Staat der Vatikanstadt); Miasto Watykańskie, cf. Watykan—Państwo Watykańskie; Cidade do Vaticano—Estado da Cidade do Vaticano; Ciudad del Vaticano—Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano.
24. "Vatican City". Encyclopedia Britannica.
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27. "Preamble of the Lateran Treaty".
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35. Liverani 2016, p. 21
36. Petacco 2016, p. 11
37. "Damien Martin, "Wine and Drunkenness in Roman Society"".
38. Tacitus, The Histories, II, 93, translation by Clifford H. Moore (The Loeb Classical Library, first printed 1925)
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85. One of the titles of the Pope listed in the Annuario Pontificio is "Sovereign of Vatican City State" (page 23* in recent editions).
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123. "IMF Data Portal". International Monetary Fund.
124. The Holy See's budget, which is distinct from that of Vatican City State, is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief and aid to churches in developing nations.
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170. "Life in the Guard". Pontifical Swiss Guard.
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