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Vietnam · page 7

From Wikipedia, «Vietnam», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are based on humanity (nhân nghĩa) and harmony (hòa), in which family and community values are highly regarded.[479]568 Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols,[483] such as the Vietnamese dragon which is derived from crocodile and snake imagery; Vietnam's national father, Lạc Long Quân is depicted as a holy dragon.[477][484][485]569 The lạc is a holy bird representing Vietnam's national mother Âu Cơ.570 Other prominent images that are also revered are the turtle, buffalo, and horse.[486]571 Many Vietnamese also believe in the supernatural and spiritualism where illness can be brought on by a curse or sorcery or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic.572 Traditional medical practitioners, amulets, and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.[487]573 In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and cultural programmes.[475]574 For many decades, foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned.575 But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian, as well as Western culture and media.[488]576

The main Vietnamese formal dress, the áo dài, is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious festivals.577 White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across the country.578 Other examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include the áo tứ thân, a four-piece woman's dress; the áo ngũ, a form of the thân in five-piece form, mostly worn in the north of the country; the yếm, a woman's undergarment; the áo bà ba, rural working "pyjamas" for men and women; the áo gấm, a formal brocade tunic for government receptions; and the áo the, a variant of the áo gấm worn by grooms at weddings.[489][490]579 Traditional headwear includes the standard conical nón lá, the "lampshade-like" nón quai thao, and the traditional turban, khăn vấn.[490][491]580 In tourism, many popular cultural destinations include the former Imperial City of Huế, the World Heritage Sites of Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park, Hội An and Mỹ Sơn, coastal regions such as Nha Trang, the caves of Hạ Long Bay and the Marble Mountains.[492]581

Literature

Main article: Vietnamese literature, Vietnamese poetry, Vietnamese mythology, Vietnamese fairy tales

Vietnamese literature has a centuries-deep history and the country has a rich tradition of folk literature based on the typical–to-eight-verse poetic form (lục bát) called ca dao, which usually focuses on village ancestors and heroes.[493]582 Written literature has been found dating back to the 10th century Ngô dynasty, with notable ancient authors including Nguyễn Trãi, Hồ Xuân Hương, Nguyễn Du and Nguyễn Đình Chiểu.583 Some literary genres play an important role in theatrical performance, such as hát nói in ca trù.[494]584 Some poetic unions have also been formed in Vietnam, such as the tao đàn.585 Vietnamese literature has been influenced by Western styles in recent times, with the first literary transformation movement of thơ mới emerging in 1932.[495]586 Vietnamese folk literature is an intermingling of many forms.587 It is not only an oral tradition, but a mixing of three media: hidden (only retained in the memory of folk authors), fixed (written), and shown (performed).588 Folk literature usually exists in many versions, passed down orally, and has unknown authors.589 Myths consist of stories about supernatural beings, heroes, and creator gods, and reflect the viewpoint of ancient people about human life.[496]590 They consist of creation stories, stories about their origins (Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ), culture heroes (Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh) which are referred to as a mountain and water spirit respectively and many other folklore tales.[480][497]591

Music

Main article: Music of Vietnam

Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern regions.[498]592 Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest musical form and is traditionally more formal.593 The origins of Vietnamese classical opera (tuồng) can be traced to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe.[499]594 Throughout its history, Vietnam has been the most heavily impacted by the Chinese musical tradition along with those of Japan, Korea and Mongolia corpus.[498]595 Nhã nhạc is a refined form of imperial court music, chèo is a form of generally satirical musical theatre, while xẩm is a type of Vietnamese folk music.596 Quan họ (alternate singing) is popular in the Bắc Ninh province.597 Another form of music called chầu văn is used to invoke spirits during ceremonies.598 Nhạc dân tộc cải biên is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s, while ca trù is a complex form of sung poetry.599 Hò is a diverse genre of work songs performed in central and southern Vietnam.600 There is a range of traditional instruments, including the đàn bầu (a monochord zither), the đàn gáo (a two-stringed fiddle with coconut body), and the đàn nguyệt (a two-stringed fretted moon lute).601 In recent times, there have been some efforts at mixing Vietnamese traditional music—especially folk music—with modern music to revive and promote national music in the modern context and educate the younger generations about Vietnam's traditional musical instruments and singing styles.[500]602 Bolero music has gained popularity in the country since the 1930s, albeit with a different style—a combination of traditional Vietnamese music with Western elements.[501]603 In the 21st century, the modern Vietnamese pop music industry known as V-pop incorporates elements of many popular genres worldwide, such as electronic, dance and R&B.[502][503]604

Media

Main article: Media of Vietnam

Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004 Law on Publication.[504]605 It is generally perceived that the country's media sector is controlled by the government and follows the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.[505][506]606 The Voice of Vietnam (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while Vietnam Television (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company.607 Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public internet access extensively using both legal and technical means.608 The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "Bamboo Firewall".[507]609 The collaborative project OpenNet Initiative classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",[508] while Reporters Without Borders (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".[509]610 Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.[510]611

Cuisine

Main article: Vietnamese cuisine

Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around five fundamental taste "elements" (ngũ vị): spicy (metal), sour (wood), salty (water), bitter (fire), and sweet (earth).[511]612 Common ingredients include fish sauce, shrimp paste, soy sauce, rice, fresh herbs, fruits, and vegetables.613 Vietnamese recipes use lemongrass, ginger, mint, rau răm, long coriander, Saigon cinnamon, bird's eye chilli, lime and basil leaves.[512]614

Traditional Vietnamese cooking is known for its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil, and reliance on herbs and vegetables; it is considered one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide.[513]615 The use of meats such as pork, beef, and chicken was relatively limited in the past.616 Instead freshwater fish, crustaceans (particularly crabs), and molluscs became widely used.617 Fish sauce, soy sauce, prawn sauce, and limes are among the main flavouring ingredients.618 Vietnam has a strong street food culture, with 40 popular dishes commonly found throughout the country.[514]619 Many notable Vietnamese dishes such as gỏi cuốn (salad roll), bánh cuốn (rice noodle roll), bún riêu (rice vermicelli soup) and phở noodles originated in the north and were introduced to central and southern Vietnam by northern migrants.[515][516]620

Local foods in the north are often less spicy than southern dishes, as the colder northern climate limits the production and availability of spices.[517]621 Black pepper is frequently used in place of chillis to produce spicy flavours.622

While drinks are usually served cold with ice cubes, especially during the summer, hot drinks, such as tea, may be served to treat illnesses and welcome guests.623 Some examples of basic Vietnamese drinks include cà phê đá (Vietnamese iced coffee), cà phê trứng (egg coffee), chanh muối (salted pickled lime juice), cơm rượu (glutinous rice wine), nước mía (sugarcane juice) and trà sen (Vietnamese lotus tea).[518]624

Holidays and festivals

Main article: Public holidays in Vietnam, List of traditional festivals in Vietnam

The country has eleven nationally recognised holidays.625 These include: New Year's Day on 1 January; lunisolar Vietnamese New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán) from the last day of the last lunar month to fifth day of the first lunar month; Hùng Kings' Festival on the 10th day of the third lunar month; Reunification Day on 30 April; International Workers' Day on 1 May; and National Day on 2 September.[519][520][521]626 During Tết, many Vietnamese from major cities return to their hometowns or villages for family reunions and to pray for dead ancestors.[522][523]627 Older people usually give the young a lì xì (red envelope), while special holiday food, such as bánh chưng (rice cake) in a square shape together with variety of dried fruits, are presented in the house for visitors.[524]628 Other festivals includeTết Nguyên Tiêu, Tết Trung Thu, and various temple and nature festivals.[525]629 In the highlands, Elephant Race Festivals are held annually in spring; riders will ride their elephants for about 1.6 km and the winning elephant will be given sugarcane.[526]630 Traditional Vietnamese weddings remain popular.[527]631

Sports

Main article: Sport in Vietnam, List of Vietnamese traditional games

The Vovinam, Kim Kê and Võ Bình Định are widespread in Vietnam,[528][529] while football is the country's most popular sport.[530]632 Its national team won the ASEAN Football Championship in 2008, 2018 and 2024; and reached the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, quarter-finals of 2019 AFC Asian Cup,[531][532][533] its junior team of under-23 became the runners-up of 2018 AFC U-23 Championship and reached fourth place in 2018 Asian Games, while the under-20 managed to qualify the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup for the first time in their football history.633 And the under-17 achieved fourth place among 10 Teams of the 2000 AFC U-16 Championship.[534][535]634 The women's national football team had first appearance at the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2023, became the first 11-a-side national football team to participate in a World Cup tournament, and also traditionally dominates the Southeast Asian Games, along with its chief rival, Thailand.635 Other Western sports such as badminton, tennis, volleyball, ping-pong and chess are also widely popular.636 Vietnam has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1952.637 After the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in the games, sending athletes to the 1956 and 1972 Olympics.638 Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, attending every Summer Olympics from 1988 onwards.639 The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1979.[536]640 Vietnam has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games.641 In 2016, Vietnam won its first gold medal at the Olympics.[537]642 Basketball has become an increasingly popular sport in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi corpus and Can Tho (formerly Soc Trang).[538]643 The country also held a national multi-sport event, the Vietnam National Games, held every four years.644

See also

Outline of Vietnam

Sources

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