חַטָּאת

n.f. 1 S 14:38 (Gn 4:7 no exception for רֹבֵץ is noun = crouching beast) sin, sin-offering, ח׳ Gn 4:7 + 124 times; לְחַטָּ֯ת Nu 15:24 (textual error for לחטאת), לְחַטַּאת Zc 13:1 (but read לְחַטָּאת StaZAW i. 35); cstr. חַטַּאת Ex 30:10 + 19 times; sf. חַטָּאתִי Gn 31:36 + 16 times; חַטָּאתֹיו֯ 1 K 16:26, חַטַּאתְכֶם Ex 32:30 + 3 times, etc., + 52 times sf.; pl. חַטָּאוֹת 2 K 12:17 + 3 times; cstr. חַטֹּאות ψ 25:7 + 17 times; חַטֹּאת Nu 5:6 + 6 times; sf. חַטֹּאותָ֑י ψ 25:18; חַטֹּאתָו֯ Ez 18:21; 33:16, etc., + 40 times sf.;— sin: against man Gn 31:36; 50:17 (E), Nu 12:11 (J) 1 S 20:1; ח׳ אדם sins against man Nu 5:6 (P). Elsewhere against God Lv 4:14, 23, 28 (P), 1 S 2:17; 14:38 1 K 16:13(×2) 2 K 21:16, 17 2 Ch 33:19 Is 3:9; 30:1; 58:1; 59:2, 12 Je 5:25; 16:10, 18; 30:14, 15; 50:20 La 4:6, 22 Ez 16:51; 18:14; 21:29; 33:10, 16 Am 5:12 (We Kl. Proph. reads חטאיכם, as s 1:18—v. חֵטא—on acc. of masc. עצומים), Mi 1:13; 3:8 ψ 32:5; 51:5; 59:4 Pr 5:22; 13:6; 14:34; 21:4; 24:9 Jb 13:23(×2) Dn 9:20(×2) ח׳ נעורי sins of my youth ψ 25:7; פרי בטני ח׳ נפשׁי Mi 6:7 fruit of my body (my child as an offering) for the sin of myself; sin of divination 1 S 15:23; of the mouth ψ 59:13; ח׳ עמי יאכלו Ho 4:8 the sin of my people they eat (gain their daily food by means of it, cf. We; 𝔗 Hi Or al. sin-offering, but this not elsewhere in early proph., and ‖ עָוֹן against it, v. WeProl. 3. 76); לפתח חטאת רבץ Gn 4:7 (J) at the door (of Cain) sin is a crouching beast; sin of the people is embodied in the golden calf Dt 9:21; and the high places of Beth Aven Ho 10:8; c. בְּ on the ground of sin Ne 9:37; for sin Mi 1:5 2 K 24:3 Is 40:2 Je 15:13; 17:3 Ez 16:52; with or by sin 1 K 14:22; 16:2 Is 43:24; הלך בח׳ walk in sin 1 K 15:3, 26, 34; 16:19, 26, 31 2 K 17:22; דבק בח׳ cleave unto sin 2 K 3:3; c. עַל, on account of sin Dt 9:18 1 K 15:30; 16:19 Mi 6:13; for sin Lv 4:3, 28, 35; 5:6, 13 (P) 19:22; 26:18, 24, 28 (H); יסף על ח׳ add unto sin 1 S 12:19 2 Ch 28:13 Is 30:1 Jb 34:37; c. כְּ according to sin Lv 26:21; c. לְ to or for sin Lv 16:16, 21 Dt 19:15 1 K 12:30; 13:34 Pr 10:16 Zc 13:1; c. מִן because of sin Lv 4:26; 5:6, 10; 16:34 (P), 19:22 (H), La 4:13; more than sin Jb 35:3; טָהַרְתִּי מֵחַטָּאתִי I am clean from my sin Pr 20:9; מפני ח׳ because of sin ψ 38:4; בגלל ח׳ because of sin 1 K 14:16; הלך אחר ח׳ walk after sin 2 K 13:2. men should return from sin שׁוּב מִן 1 K 8:35 = 2 Ch 6:26, Ez 18:21; 33:14; depart from it סוּר מֵעַל 2 K 10:31; 15:18; סוּר מן 2 K 13:6, 11; 14:24; 15:9, 24, 28; be concerned about דאג מן ψ 38:19; confess הִתְוַדָּה ח׳ Nu 5:7 (P); התודה על ח׳ Ne 1:6; 9:2. God deals with sin: (1) he visits punishment upon it (על) פקד Ex 32:34 (JE) Ho 8:13; 9:9 Je 14:10; inquires after it דרשׁ ל Jb 10:6; watches over it שׁמר על Jb 14:16; hoards it up Ho 13:12; (2) by forgiveness: נשׂא ח׳ Ex 10:17; 32:32 (JE), 1 S 15:25; נשׂא עון ח׳ ψ 32:5; נשׂא לח׳ Jos 24:19 (E), ψ 25:18; pardon סלח לח׳ Ex 34:9 (JE) 1 K 8:34, 36 2 Ch 6:25, 27; 7:14 Je 36:3; removal הסר Is 27:9; העביר 2 S 12:13; casting into the depths of the sea Mi 7:19; (3) by covering over, making atonement for חַטָּֽאתְךָ תְּכֻפָּ֑ר Is 6:7 thy sin shall be covered over; actively, כפּר עַל ח׳ ψ 79:9; כסּה ח׳ ψ 85:3 (cf. כְּסוּי חֲטָאָה ψ 32:1); לְהָתֵם ח׳ (Qr) make an end of sins Dn 9:24; (4) by blotting out מחה ח׳ Is 44:22 Je 18:23 ψ 109:14 Ne 3:37; cleanse from sin טַהֲרֵנִי מח׳ ψ 51:4; מקוֹר לח׳ a fountain for sin Zc 13:1; (5) by not remembering it לא זכר ח׳ Is 43:25; לח׳ לא זכר Je 31:34; אַל־תֵּפֶן אֶל־חַטָּאתוֹ Dt 9:27 look not unto his sin. atonement may be secured for, כפּר בעד ח׳ Ex 32:30 (JE; Moses, by his intercession). according to P (H) the priest is to make atonement for a person (כפּר על) by sin-offering or trespass-offering, מח׳ because of sin Lv 4:26; 5:6, 10; 16:34; על ח׳ 4:35; 5:13 (all P), 19:22 (H; v. WeComp, 59 = JBTh xxii, 427), so that the man is clean from sin טהר מח׳ Lv 16:30. condition of sin, guilt of sin Gn 18:20 Nu 16:26; 32:23 (J), Ez 3:20; 18:24, ח׳ יְהוּדָה חֲרוּשָׁה עַל־לוּחַ לִבָּם וּלְקַרְנוֹת מִזְבְּחוֹתֵיכֶם the sin (guilt) of Judah is graven upon the table of their heart, and upon the horns of your altars Je 17:1. punishment for sin: זֹאת תִּהְיֶה ח׳ מִצְרָ֑יִם וח׳ כָל־הַגּוֹיִם Zc 14:19 this will be the punishment for sin of Egypt and the punishment for sin of all nations (the plague with which Yahweh will smite them). sin-offering: one of the kinds of offering of P, Lv 7:37; first in the history 2 K 12:17 (reign of Jehoash), where חטּאת of money given to priests; elsewhere only in Chr.; 2 Ch 29:21, 23, 24 Hezekiah had made a ח׳ of 7 צְפִירֵי עִזִּים at purification of temple; Ezr 8:35; 12 צְפִירֵי ח׳ were offered; Ne 10:34 ח׳ ‖ עולות;—in these no evidence of special ritual. Sin-offering elsewhere only in codes of H Ez and P.—On Ho 4:8 v. 1 supr. In H, Lv 23:19 a שׂעיר עזים, for feast of weeks. In Ez ח׳ in gen. ‖ other sacrifices, Ez 40:39; 45:17, 25; 46:20; and priests eat them Ez 42:13; 44:29. At dedication of altar, the blood of a young bullock was to be applied to horns of altar, the corners of its settle and its border, the bullock itself burnt without the sanctuary; for each of the 7 days following a שׂעיר עזים was to be offered Ez 43:19, 21, 22, 25. On first day of first month a young bullock was to be offered to cleanse the sanctuary: its blood upt on the door posts of the house and of the gate of the inner court and on the four corners of the settle of the altar; also on the seventh day (𝔊 first day of seventh month) Ez 45:17, 19 (cf. v 18, 20). On 14th day of first month the prince was to offer a bullock for himself and the people and on each of the 7 days of the Passover week a שׂעיר עזים Ez 45:22, 23. When a priest entered the sanctuary to minister after his cleansing he was to offer his sin-offering Ez 44:27. P gives several grades: a ruler should offer a he-goat Lv 4:24, 25 Nu 7:16, 22, 28, 34, 40, 46, 52, 58, 64, 70, 76, 82, 87; an ordinary person a she-goat Lv 4:29 (cf. v 28) 5:6 Nu 15:27, ewe lamb Lv 4:32, 33(×2), 34; 14:19 Nu 6:14, 16, a turtle dove or young pigeon Lv 5:7, 8, 9(×2); 12:6, 8; 14:22, 31; 15:15, 30 Nu 6:11, or one-tenth of an ephah of fine flour Lv 5:11(×2), 12; according to ability of the person, and nature of offence. The victim was brought unto the tent of meeting, the hands of the offerer laid on its head, it was slaughtered by the offerer, the priest took some of the blood and put it on horns of altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the blood he poured out at the base of it, to cover over the sin, or cleanse the altar from the sin defiling it. All the fat pieces (cf. Lv 4:22–35) and a handful of the flour (cf. Lv 5:12) were burned on altar. The rest of the flesh and the flour were eaten by priests in court of Holy place Lv 5:13; 6:10, 18(×2), 23 (cf. v 11, 19), 7:7; 10:16, 17, 19(×2); 14:13 Nu 18:9. a bullock was offered for priests Ex 29:14, 36 Lv 4:3, 8, 20; 8:2, 14(×2); 9:2, 7, 8, 10; for Levites at their installation Nu 8:3, 12 and for whole congregation Lv 4:14, 21; but usually offering for congregation was he-goat Nu 15:24, 25, especially at dedication of altar Lv 9:3, 15, 22, and in ritual of feasts Nu 28:15, 22, 30; 29:5, 11, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 38. Before consecr. of tabernacle the blood went to altar of burnt-offering (Lv 9:9), but subsequ. some of it was sprinkled seven times before the vail and some of it put on horns of altar of incense to cleanse this higher altar; the fat pieces were burned on altar of burnt-offering, and the rest of the victim burned without the camp (Lv 4:3–21; 6:23; 8:16, 17; 9:10, 11). on day of atonement, sin-offering for high priest was a bullock Lv 16:3, 6; and for congregation two he-goats, one לַעֲזָאזֵל (v. עזאזל) Lv 16:5 (cf. v 8, 10, 20–22), the other for sacrifice ליהוה Lv 16:9 (cf. v 8). Some of the blood of Aaron’s bullock was first taken into innermost sanctuary and sprinkled on the כפרת and seven times before it; so also blood of the he-goat Lv 16:11(×2), 15 (cf. v 12–14, 16, 17) to cleanse highest altar: then the blood of the two victims was applied to lower altars as in a and b and so sin was covered over at the three altars Ex 30:10 (cf. Lv 16:16–19). The fat pieces went to altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the victims was burnt without the camp Lv 16:25, 27(×2). (Sins which might be covered over were limited to those committed בשׁגגה Lv 4:2, 22, 27 Nu 15:27, לשׁגגה Nu 15:24, minor offences Lv 5:1–6; and ceremonial uncleanness Lv 12:6, 8; 14:13; 15:15 Nu 6:11, 14.)—Phrases for sacrificing are: עשׂה ח׳ Lv 9:7, 22 14:19 Nu 6:16 Ez 45:17, הקריב ח׳ Lv 10:19 Ez 44:27, שׁחט ח׳ Lv 14:13 Ez 40:39. purification from sins of ceremonial uncleanness, all P: מֵי ח׳ Nu 8:7 water of purification from sin; מֵי נִדָּה ח׳ הוּא water of (cleansing from) impurity, it is a purification from sin Nu 19:9; עֲפַר שְׂרֵפַת הח׳ Nu 19:17 ashes of the burning of the purification from sin (RV renders sin-offering; but there was no offering made, only water of purification was used).