MovaSources
The translation manuals are written in our own words. The works below are where their facts were checked. Public-domain works, official documents and open-access papers are the base; works under share-alike or non-commercial terms are cited and paraphrased, never copied; works known only by their library cards are named for their terms and no claim rests on them. Each work has a card on Elamur Research under its slug. The files that cite a work are listed after it.
Files: G = Good translation: the general manual, FE = Translating from English, IE = Translating into English, FF = Translating from French, IF = Translating into French, FU = Translating from Ukrainian, IU = Translating into Ukrainian, EF = English and French: the pair manual, EU = English and Ukrainian: the pair manual, FRU = French and Ukrainian: the pair manual, FFL = false-friends/ (README and the three pair lists), CTX = context/ (README and the three pair lists).
Classics of translation theory (public domain)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jerome, Letter 57 to Pammachius, On the best method of translating (395; English trans. in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers II/6, 1893) | jerome-1893 | public domain | G |
| John Dryden, Essays, ed. W. P. Ker (1900): the preface to Ovid's Epistles (1680) | dryden-1900 | public domain | G |
| Alexander Fraser Tytler, Essay on the Principles of Translation (1791; Everyman reprint 1907) | tytler-1791 | public domain | G |
| Friedrich Schleiermacher, Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des Uebersezens (1813; Sämmtliche Werke III/2, 1838) | schleiermacher-1813 | public domain | G, EF |
| Matthew Arnold, On Translating Homer (1861) | arnold-1861 | public domain | G |
| J. P. Postgate, Translation and Translations: Theory and Practice (1922) | postgate-1922 | public domain | G |
Known by their cards only (copyrighted; their terms are used, no claim rests on them): Vinay and Darbelnet, Stylistique comparée du français et de l'anglais (1958) vinay-1958; Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965) catford-1965; Venuti, The Translator's Invisibility (1995) venuti-1995 (G, IF, EF).
Quality, evaluation and translationese (open access)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lommel, Burchardt and Uszkoreit, Multidimensional quality metrics: a flexible system for assessing translation quality (2013) | lommel-2013 | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | G |
| Lommel, Gladkoff, Melby, Wright, Strandvik et al., The Multi-Range Theory of Translation Quality Measurement: MQM scoring models and statistical quality control (2024) | lommel-2024 | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Bentivogli et al., Machine translation human evaluation: an investigation of evaluation based on post-editing and its relation with direct assessment (2018) | bentivogli-2018 | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Graham, Haddow and Koehn, Statistical power and translationese in machine translation evaluation (2020) | graham-2020-statistical-power-translationese-machine-translation | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Wein and Schneider, Lost in translationese? Reducing translation effect using Abstract Meaning Representation (2024) | wein-2024-lost-translationese-reducing-translation-effect | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Vandevoorde, Semantic differences in translation (Language Science Press, 2020) | vandevoorde-2020 | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Popović, chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation (2015) | popovic-2015 | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | G |
| Chaplynskyi, Zakharov and Ivashkevych, Professional translators versus quality estimation models: reliability and agreement in English–Ukrainian translation evaluation (2026) | chaplynskyi-2026-professional-translators-versus-quality-estimation | CC BY 4.0 | G, EU |
| Grozea and Verbitsky, Evaluation of Qwen-3 for English to Ukrainian translation (WMT 2025) | grozea-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | G, FE, IU, EU |
| Petruniv, Makogon and Kyslyi, SimIdioms: a corpus and benchmark for Ukrainian idiom translation (2026) | petruniv-2026-simidioms-corpus-benchmark-ukrainian-idiom | CC BY 4.0 (the corpus: English side CC BY-SA, Ukrainian side academic use) | G, FU, IU, EU |
| Maksymenko, Turuta, Saichyshyna, Yerokhin and Turuta, Controllability for English–Ukrainian machine translation based on specialized corpora (2023) | maksymenko-2023-controllability-english-ukrainian-machine-translation | CC BY 4.0 | EU |
| Burda-Lassen, Ukrainian-to-English folktale corpus: parallel corpus creation and augmentation for machine translation (2022) | lassen-2022-ukrainian-english-folktale-corpus-parallel | CC BY 4.0 | EU |
| Shaitarova, Göhring and Volk, Machine vs. human: exploring syntax and lexicon in German translations, with a spotlight on anglicisms (2023) | shaitarova-2023-machine-vs-human-exploring-syntax | CC BY 4.0 | G |
False friends, cognates and lexical choice
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frunza and Inkpen, A tool for detecting French–English cognates and false friends (2007) | frunza-2007-tool-detecting-french-english-cognates | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | FFL |
| Nakov, Nakov and Paskaleva, Unsupervised extraction of false friends from parallel bi-texts using the web as a corpus (2009) | nakov-2009-unsupervised-extraction-false-friends-parallel | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | FFL |
| Uban and Dinu, Automatically building a multilingual lexicon of false friends with no supervision (2020) | uban-2020-automatically-building-multilingual-lexicon-false | CC BY-NC 4.0 (paraphrased) | FFL |
| Uban, Dinu, Iordache, Georgescu and Vlad, Friend or foe? A computational investigation of semantic false friends across Romance languages (2025) | uban-2025-friend-or-foe-computational-investigation | CC BY 4.0 | FFL |
| Han, Sasano and Takeda, Automating interlingual homograph recognition with parallel sentences (2022) | han-2022-automating-interlingual-homograph-recognition-parallel | CC BY 4.0 | FFL |
| Barua, Subramanian, Yin and Suhr, Using language models to disambiguate lexical choices in translation (2024) | barua-2024-language-models-disambiguate-lexical-choices | CC BY 4.0 | CTX |
| Voita, Sennrich and Titov, When a good translation is wrong in context (2019) | voita-2019-when-good-translation-is-wrong | CC BY 4.0 | CTX |
| Sennrich, Haddow and Birch, Controlling politeness in neural machine translation via side constraints (2016) | sennrich-2016-controlling-politeness-neural-machine-translation | CC BY 4.0 | CTX |
Style guides and norms
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| European Commission, DG Translation, English Style Guide: a handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission (8th ed. 2016, updated November 2025) | commission-1982 | reuse authorised with acknowledgement (Commission Decision 2011/833/EU) | G, FE, IE, FF, IF, FU, EF, EU |
| Український правопис (2019), approved by Cabinet of Ministers resolution No. 437 of 22 May 2019 | ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019 | official document, not protected by copyright | G, FU, IU, EU, FRU |
| Romanisation of Ukrainian: Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine resolution No. 55 of 27 January 2010 | (no card; given through commission-1982, Annex 4) | official document | EU |
Named as resources, not cited for facts: IATE (EU terminology; its reuse terms for the bulk export are to be confirmed), TERMIUM Plus (Government of Canada), FranceTerme (Journal officiel), the OQLF Grand dictionnaire terminologique, r2u.org.ua.
Ukrainian grammar and usage
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Сергій Смеречинський, Нариси з української синтакси (1932) | smerechynskyi-1932 | public domain in Ukraine and the EU (author †1954); not in the US | FU, IU, EU, FRU |
| Олекса Синявський, Порадник української мови (1922) | syniavskyi-1922-poradnyk-ukrainskoi-movy-praktychnyi | public domain | FU, IU |
| Василь Сімович, Граматика української мови для самонавчання (1919) | simovych-1919 | public domain | FU, IU |
| Hentschel and Palinska, Restructuring in a mesolect: the infinitive in surzhyk (2022) | hentschel-2022-mesolect-infinitive | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Hentschel and Palinska, the linguistic situation on Ukraine's Black Sea coast (2022) | hentschel-2022-black-sea-surzhyk | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Hentschel, Ukrainian and Russian in the lexicon of Ukrainian surzhyk (2023) | hentschel-2023-surzhyk-lexicon | CC BY 4.0 | FU, FFL, CTX |
| Kanishcheva, Shvedova, Kovalova and von Waldenfels, The parliamentary code-switching corpus (2023) | kanishcheva-2023-parliamentary-code-switching-corpus-bilingualism | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Fellerer, Subject pro-drop and past-tense auxiliary clitics in south-western Ukrainian (2022) | fellerer-2022-pro-drop-sw | CC BY 4.0 | G, FU |
| Shvedova, Lukashevskyi and Rysin, Developing a Universal Dependencies treebank for Ukrainian parliamentary speech (2025) | shvedova-2025-developing-universal-dependencies-treebank-ukrainian | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Starko and Rysin, An electronic Ukrainian dictionary as a derussification tool (eLex 2025) | starko-2025-dictionary-derussification | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased; VESUM data CC BY-NC-SA, tests only) | FU, IU |
| Synchak, Military feminine personal nouns: a corpus-based update to the web dictionary of feminitives (2023) | synchak-2023-military-feminine | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | FU, IU |
French
The French manual and its sources: chapters 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14 (FF, IF, EF, FRU).
Outside the library
Logged in docs/usage.tsv: Shoshana Blum-Kulka 1986 (the explicitation hypothesis), Mona Baker 1993 (corpus linguistics and translation universals), Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit 2004 (unique items), Pieter Muysken 2000 (Bilingual Speech, cited through Hentschel). Already logged by the corpus build: Gale and Church 1993, Koehn 2005, Steinberger et al. 2012.
Corpora quoted
Held in en-fr, en-uk/ and fr-uk/, built by tools/parallel; terms per the corpus README and Data and model licences:
| corpus | ids | licence | use here |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tatoeba (export, 2026-11-06) | tatoeba:<en_id>-<fr_id> | CC BY 2.0 FR; authors per sentence | quoted with ids; unknown-author rows not quoted |
| Europarl v8 | europarl-v8:<line> | European Parliament texts, no copyright restrictions known; cite the source | quoted, counted |
| DGT-TM 2021 | dgt-tm-v2021:<line> | Commission Decision 2011/833/EU | quoted |
| eBible WEB and KJV with Louis Segond 1910 | bible-web-lsg:…, bible-kjv-lsg:… | public domain (the KJV under Crown letters patent in the UK: quoted for study, not shipped) | quoted |
| Project Gutenberg book pairs, identified translators | gut-<book>:<n> | public domain | quoted |
| Ukrainian Wikisource dump, 2026-09-01 | (counts only) | CC BY-SA and public domain | counted, not quoted |
Tatoeba EN–UK and FR–UK (exports 2026-10-31 and 2026-11-06), built with parallel tatoeba … en uk / fr uk | tatoeba:<en_id>-<uk_id>, tatoeba:<fr_id>-<uk_id> | CC BY 2.0 FR; authors per sentence | quoted with ids; unknown-author rows not quoted |
| Kulish/Puluj Bible (1905; eBible ukr1871) against WEB, KJV and Louis Segond | bible-web-kulish:…, bible-kjv-kulish:…, bible-lsg-kulish:… | public domain (translators †1897, †1918, †1918) | quoted |
| French and Ukrainian Wikipedia dumps of 2026-10-01 (read-only local copies) | (counts only) | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counted, streamed, not quoted |
| EMEA v3, JRC-Acquis v3.0, ECB v1 (OPUS, English–French) | (counts only) | terms not checked or to confirm (corpus README) | counted for the English–French false-friend and context lists, never quoted |
Folk songs named or glossed (Frère Jacques, Au clair de la lune, Щедрик) are traditional and public domain; Carol of the Bells (Wilhousky 1936) is in copyright and is named only.
The Elamur team
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/sources/