MovaSources
The manual is written in our own words. The works below are where its facts were checked. Public-domain works and open-access papers are the base; works under share-alike or non-commercial terms are cited and paraphrased, never copied; copyrighted reference grammars are known to us only by their cards and no claim rests on them. Each work has a card on Elamur Research under its slug. The chapters that cite a work are listed after it, so each source links back to where it is used.
Grammars, phonetics and spelling (public domain)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul Passy, Les sons du français (6th ed., 1906) and Abrégé de prononciation française | passy-1906 | public domain | 1 |
| Kristoffer Nyrop, Manuel phonétique du français parlé (2nd ed., trans. Philipot, 1902) | nyrop-1902 | public domain | 1 |
| Philippe Martinon, Comment on prononce le français (1913) | martinon-1913 | public domain | 1 |
| Léon Clédat, Grammaire raisonnée de la langue française (1894) | cledat-1894 | public domain | general reference |
| Ferdinand Brunot, Précis de grammaire historique de la langue française (1899) | brunot-1899 | public domain | general reference, 14 |
| Louis-Nicolas Bescherelle, L'art de conjuguer (1848 ed.) | bescherelle-1848 | public domain | 6 |
| Conseil supérieur de la langue française, Les rectifications de l'orthographe (Journal officiel, 6 December 1990) | cslf-1990 | official text, freely reusable | 1, 2, 12 |
Research (open access)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saumya Sahai & Dravyansh Sharma, Predicting and explaining French grammatical gender (2021) | sahai-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | 2 |
| Enzo Doyen & Amalia Todirascu, GeNRe: a French gender-neutral rewriting system using collective nouns (2025) | doyen-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | 2 |
| Marie Flesch & Heather Burnett, Characterizing non-binary French: a first step towards debiasing gender inference (2025) | flesch-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | 2 |
| Marc Olivier, Christina Sevdali & Raffaella Folli, Clitic climbing and restructuring in the history of French (Glossa, 2023) | olivier-2023 | CC BY 4.0 | 4 |
| Bruno Guillaume, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe & Guy Perrier, Conversion et améliorations de corpus du français annotés en Universal Dependencies (2019) | guillaume-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | README, How Mova handles it |
| de Marneffe et al., Universal Dependencies (2021) | demarneffe-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | How Mova handles it, throughout |
Treebanks (the examples and the counts)
| treebank (UD 2.18) | licence | use here |
|---|---|---|
| UD French GSD | CC BY-SA 4.0 | short quoted examples (fr-ud-… ids), counts |
| UD French ParisStories (spoken) | CC BY-SA 4.0 | short quoted examples, counts (chapters 8, 9, 10, 13) |
| UD French Rhapsodie (spoken) | CC BY-SA 4.0 | measurements |
| UD French Sequoia, FQB | LGPL-LR | measurements |
| UD French ALTS, PUD, PoitevinDIVITAL | CC BY-SA | measurements |
| UD French ParTUT | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | tests only, never quoted |
Lexicons (for the lexicon Mova lacks: chapter 14)
| resource | slug of its paper | licence | use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lefff | sagot-2010 | the paper CC BY-NC 4.0; the lexicon LGPL-LR (to be confirmed from its distribution) | candidate |
| GLÀFF | sajous-2013, hathout-2014 | the papers CC BY-NC(-SA); the lexicon derived from Wiktionnaire, CC BY-SA | learning and tests only |
| Morphalou | — | the lexicon: LGPL-LR (ATILF, to be confirmed) | candidate |
| French Wiktionary (raw dump, 2026-10-01) | — | CC BY-SA | learning and tests only |
Wanted, copyrighted: known by card only
| work | slug | why we want it |
|---|---|---|
| Grevisse & Goosse, Le Bon Usage (16th ed., 2016) | grevisse-2016 | the reference descriptive grammar; usage and its variation |
| Riegel, Pellat & Rioul, Grammaire méthodique du français (2021) | riegel-2021 | the modern linguistic reference grammar |
| Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale | — | the typography of chapter 12 |
| A descriptive grammar of spoken French with corpus counts (e.g. Blanche-Benveniste's work) | — | chapters 8–10, 13 |
No fact in the manual rests on these; where the manual states a usage rule they would confirm, it was checked against the public-domain grammars and our own counts.
Chapters 00-09
Grammars, phonetics, dictionaries and histories (public domain)
| work | slug (library folder) | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul Passy, Les sons du français (6th ed., 1906) | passy-1906 (passy-1906-les-sons-du-fran) | public domain | 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 08 |
| Kristoffer Nyrop, Manuel phonétique du français parlé (2nd ed., trans. E. Philipot, 1902) | nyrop-1902 (nyrop-1902-manuel-phonetique-du-fran) | public domain | 00, 01, 04 |
| Kristoffer Nyrop, Grammaire historique de la langue française, vols I–VI (1899–1930) | nyrop-1899 (nyrop-1899-grammaire-historique-de-la) | public domain | 00, 08, 09 |
| Philippe Martinon, Comment on prononce le français (1913) | martinon-1913 (martinon-1913-comment-prononce-le-fran) | public domain | 00, 02, 04, 05, 08 |
| Édouard Bourciez, Précis historique de phonétique française (5th ed., 1921) | bourciez-1921 (bourciez-1921-precis-historique-de-phonetique) | public domain | 00, 01, 02, 05 |
| Léon Clédat, Manuel de phonétique et de morphologie historique du français (1917) | cledat-1917 (cledat-1917-manuel-de-phonetique-et) | public domain | 00 |
| Léon Clédat, Grammaire raisonnée de la langue française (1894) | cledat-1894 (cledat-1894-grammaire-raisonnee-de-la) | public domain | 06 |
| L.-N. Bescherelle, L'art de conjuguer (1848) | bescherelle-1848 (bescherelle-1848-lart-de-conjuguer-ou) | public domain | 06 |
| Ferdinand Brunot, Précis de grammaire historique de la langue française (1899) | brunot-1899 (brunot-1899-precis-de-grammaire-historique) | public domain | 00 |
| Ferdinand Brunot, La réforme de l'orthographe (1905) | brunot-1905 (brunot-1905-la-reforme-de-lorthographe) | public domain | 00, 05 |
| Ferdinand Brunot, Histoire de la langue française (1906 ff., the volumes held) | brunot-1906 (brunot-1906-histoire-de-la-langue) | public domain | 00, 09 |
| Albert Dauzat, La langue française d'aujourd'hui (1908) | dauzat-1908 (dauzat-1908-la-langue-fran-aise) | public domain (EU from 2026) | 00, 05, 08, 09 |
| Albert Dauzat, La géographie linguistique (1922) | dauzat-1922 (dauzat-1922-la-geographie-linguistique) | public domain (EU from 2026) | 08, 09 |
| L. E. Kastner, A History of French Versification (1903) | kastner-1903 (kastner-1903-history-french-versification) | public domain | 02, 03, 04, 09 |
| Vaugelas, Remarques sur la langue françoise (1647, ed. Chassang 1880) | vaugelas-1880 (vaugelas-1880-remarques-sur-la-langue) | public domain | 00, 08, 09 |
| Arnauld & Lancelot, Grammaire générale et raisonnée (Port-Royal, 1660) | arnauld-1660 (arnauld-1660-grammaire-generale-et-raisonnee) | public domain | 09 |
| Le dictionnaire de l'Académie françoise (1st ed., 1694) | paris-1694 (paris-1694-le-dictionnaire-de-lacademie) | public domain | 00, 09 |
| Société du parler français au Canada, Glossaire du parler français au Canada (1930) | canada-1930 (canada-1930-glossaire-du-parler-fran) | public domain | 08 |
Official text
| work | slug (library folder) | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conseil supérieur de la langue française, Les rectifications de l'orthographe (Journal officiel, 6 December 1990) | cslf-1990 (cslf-1990-les-rectifications-de-lorthographe) | official text, freely reusable | 00, 05, 06, 07, 09 |
Research (open access)
| work | slug (library folder) | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kahane, Guillaume, Brun & Song, Status of morphosyntactic features: written and spoken French UD treebanks (2025) | kahane-2025 (kahane-2025-status-morphosyntactic-features-illustration-written) | CC BY 4.0 | 00, 01, 04, 08 |
| Guillaume, de Marneffe & Perrier, Conversion et améliorations de corpus du français annotés en UD (2019) | guillaume-2019 (guillaume-2019-conversion-et-ameliorations-de-corpus) | CC BY 4.0 | 00, 07 |
| de Marneffe, Manning, Nivre & Zeman, Universal Dependencies (2021) | demarneffe-2021 (demarneffe-2021-universal-dependencies) | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0: cited, not quoted | 00 |
| Thuilier, Grant, Crabbé & Abeillé, Word order in French: the role of animacy (2021) | thuilier-2021 (thuilier-2021-word-order-french-role-animacy) | CC BY 4.0 | 00 |
| Scrivner, Word order change in infinitival clauses from Latin to Old French (2015, arXiv 2020) | scrivner-2020 (scrivner-2020-probabilistic-approach-historical-linguistics-word) | CC BY 4.0 | 00 |
| Martin, Structure prosodique des langues romanes (2016) | martin-2016 (martin-2016-structure-prosodique-des-langues-romanes) | CC BY 4.0 | 00 |
| Martin, Une nouvelle grammaire de l'intonation de la phrase française (2024) | martin-2024 (martin-2024-une-nouvelle-grammaire-de-l) | CC BY 4.0 | 03 |
| Cameron, Voice Onset Time en code-switching anglais-français (2020) | cameron-2020 (cameron-2020-voice-onset-time-en-code) | CC BY 4.0 | 01 |
| Vasilescu, Wu, Jatteau, Adda-Decker & Lamel, Alternances de voisement… en cinq langues romanes (2020) | vasilescu-2020 (vasilescu-2020-alternances-de-voisement-et-processus) | CC BY 4.0 | 01, 04 |
| Riverin-Coutlée, Sur le voisement des consonnes fricatives finales en français du Québec (2020) | coutlee-2020 (coutlee-2020-sur-le-voisement-des-consonnes) | CC BY 4.0 | 01, 02, 03, 08 |
| Lancien, De la possibilité d'un relâchement des voyelles hautes… en français québécois (2020) | lancien-2020a (lancien-2020-de-la-possibilite-d-un) | CC BY 4.0 | 01, 02, 08 |
| Lancien, Variation stylistique en français québécois (2020) | lancien-2020b (lancien-2020-variation-stylistique-en-francais-quebecois) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Stevenson & Zamuner, Gradient phonological relationships: evidence from vowels in French (2017) | stevenson-2017 (stevenson-2017-gradient-phonological-relationships-evidence-vowels) | CC BY 4.0 | 02 |
| Zellou & Chitoran, Lexical competition influences coarticulatory variation in French (2023) | zellou-2023 (zellou-2023-lexical-competition-influences-coarticulatory-variation) | CC BY 4.0 | 02 |
| Pomino & Remberger, Does French have theme vowels? (2022) | pomino-2022 (pomino-2022-does-french-have-theme-vowels) | CC BY 4.0 | 02 |
| Storme, Not only size matters: limits to the Law of Three Consonants (2021) | storme-2021 (storme-2021-not-only-size-matters-limits) | CC BY 4.0 | 02, 04 |
| Smith & Pater, French schwa and gradient cumulativity (2020) | smith-2020 (smith-2020-french-schwa-gradient-cumulativity) | CC BY 4.0 | 02 |
| Bayles, Kaplan & Kaplan, Inter- and intra-speaker variation in French schwa (2016) | bayles-2016 (bayles-2016-inter-intra-speaker-variation-french) | CC BY 4.0 | 02, 04 |
| Liégeois, Effet de la fréquence d'usage sur l'élision du schwa des clitiques (2016) | liegeois-2016 (liegeois-2016-effet-de-la-frequence-d) | CC BY 4.0 | 02, 04 |
| Wu, Adda-Decker & Fougeron, Rôle des contextes lexical et post-lexical dans la réalisation du schwa (2016) | wu-2016 (wu-2016-role-des-contextes-lexical-et) | CC BY 4.0 | 02 |
| Bourbon, D'Alessandro & Fougeron, Débit et réduction vocalique (2020) | bourbon-2020 (bourbon-2020-debit-et-reduction-vocalique-effets) | CC BY 4.0 | 02, 03 |
| Delais-Roussarie, Post & Yoo, Unités prosodiques et grammaire intonative du français (2020) | roussarie-2020 (roussarie-2020-unites-prosodiques-et-grammaire-intonative) | CC BY 4.0 | 03 |
| Coulange & Rossato, Proximité rythmique entre apprenants et natifs du français (2020) | coulange-2020 (coulange-2020-proximite-rythmique-entre-apprenants-et) | CC BY 4.0 | 03 |
| Vander Klok, Goad & Wagner, Prosodic focus in English vs. French: a scope account (2018) | klok-2018 (klok-2018-prosodic-focus-english-vs-french) | CC BY 4.0 | 03 |
| Déprez & Yeaton, On the prosody of French ambiguous multiple negative sentences (2022) | deprez-2022 (deprez-2022-prosody-french-ambiguous-multiple-negative) | CC BY 4.0 | 03 |
| van den Bosch & Greefhorst, Predicting liaison: an example-based approach (2016) | bosch-2016 (bosch-2016-predicting-liaison-example-based-approach) | CC BY 4.0 | 04 |
| Antoine et al., Ma copie adore le vélo: besoins réels en correction orthographique (2019) | antoine-2019 (antoine-2019-ma-copie-adore-le-velo) | CC BY 4.0 | 05, 06 |
| Bodard, Spécificités des erreurs d'orthographe des personnes dyslexiques (2020) | bodard-2020 (bodard-2020-specificites-des-erreurs-d-orthographe) | CC BY 4.0 | 05 |
| Flesch & Burnett, Characterizing non-binary French (2025) | flesch-2025 (flesch-2025-characterizing-non-binary-french-first) | CC BY 4.0 | 07 |
| Doyen & Todirascu, GeNRe: a French gender-neutral rewriting system using collective nouns (2025) | doyen-2025 (doyen-2025-genre-french-gender-neutral-rewriting) | CC BY 4.0 | 07 |
| Dankova, Lexical richness of French and Quebec journalistic texts (2024) | dankova-2024 (dankova-2024-lexical-richness-french-quebec-journalistic) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Lamontagne & Goad, Weight sensitivity and prominence in Laurentian French (2022) | lamontagne-2022 (lamontagne-2022-weight-sensitivity-prominence-laurentian-french) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Labelle, Apparent expletive negation… in Quebec French (2023) | labelle-2023 (labelle-2023-apparent-expletive-negation-silent-comparatives) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Beauchemin & Khoury, QFrCoLA (2025) | beauchemin-2025 (beauchemin-2025-qfrcola-quebec-french-corpus-linguistic) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Beauchemin et al., QFrBLiMP (2026) | beauchemin-2026 (beauchemin-2026-qfrblimp-quebec-french-benchmark-linguistic) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Beauchemin et al., Idiom understanding as a tool to measure the dialect gap (2026) | beauchemin-2026b (beauchemin-2026-idiom-understanding-as-tool-measure) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Mompelat, Dakota & Kübler, How to parse a creole: when Martinican Creole meets French (2022) | mompelat-2022 (mompelat-2022-how-parse-creole-when-martinican) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Mompelat et al., WMT 2025 CreoleMT systems description (2025) | mompelat-2025 (mompelat-2025-wmt-2025-creolemt-systems-description) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Havard et al., Technologies de la parole et données de terrain: le créole haïtien (2024) | havard-2024 (havard-2024-technologies-de-la-parole-et) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Jauhiainen, Jauhiainen & Lindén, … regional French variety detection using adaptive naive Bayes (2022) | jauhiainen-2022 (jauhiainen-2022-italian-language-dialect-identification-regional) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Choudhry et al., Data collection and analysis of French dialects (2022) | choudhry-2022 (choudhry-2022-data-collection-analysis-french-dialects) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Sagot et al., COLaF: corpus et outils pour les langues de France et variétés de français (2025) | sagot-2025 (sagot-2025-colaf-corpus-et-outils-pour) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Toughrai, Smaïli & Langlois, Modeling North African dialects from standard languages (2025) | toughrai-2025 (toughrai-2025-modeling-north-african-dialects-standard) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Ngom, Teisseire & Valentin, Analyse textuelle et extraction géospatiale… Burkina Faso (2025) | ngom-2025 (ngom-2025-analyse-textuelle-et-extraction-geospatiale) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Ouedraogo et al., Speech-to-speech translation for African low-resource languages: French–Mooré (2026) | ouedraogo-2026 (ouedraogo-2026-contributing-speech-speech-translation-african) | CC BY 4.0 | 08 |
| Grobol, Prévost & Crabbé, Is Old French tougher to parse? (2021) | grobol-2021 (grobol-2021-is-old-french-tougher-parse) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Camps et al., Corpus and models for lemmatisation and POS-tagging of Old French (2021) | camps-2021 (camps-2021-corpus-models-lemmatisation-pos-tagging) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Camps et al., … classical French theatre (2020) | camps-2020 (camps-2020-corpus-models-lemmatisation-pos-tagging) | CC BY-SA 4.0: mentioned only | 09 |
| Rubino et al., Normalizing without modernizing: Middle French (2024) | rubino-2024 (rubino-2024-normalizing-without-modernizing-keeping-historical) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Solfrini et al., Normaliser le moyen français (2025) | solfrini-2025 (solfrini-2025-normaliser-le-moyen-francais-du) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Gabay et al., Traduction automatique pour la normalisation du français du XVIIe siècle (2020) | gabay-2020 (gabay-2020-traduction-automatique-pour-la-normalisation) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Larrivée, To be or not to be informational: preverbal complements in Medieval French V2 (2019) | larrivee-2019 (larrivee-2019-be-or-not-be-informational) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Larrivée et al., The correlation of micro-cues: medieval French verb second (2025) | larrivee-2025 (larrivee-2025-correlation-micro-cues-case-medieval) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Wolfe, Reconsidering variation and change in the Medieval French subject system (2020) | wolfe-2020 (wolfe-2020-reconsidering-variation-change-medieval-french) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Regnault et al., Challenges of language change and variation: an extended treebank of Medieval French (2019) | regnault-2019 (regnault-2019-challenges-language-change-variation-extended) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Sagot et al., Développement d'un lexique morphologique et syntaxique de l'ancien français (2019) | sagot-2019 (sagot-2019-developpement-d-un-lexique-morphologique) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Kezerian et al., Ye olde French: Old and Middle French in SIGMORPHON-UniMorph data (2024) | kezerian-2024 (kezerian-2024-ye-olde-french-effect-old) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
| Olivier, Sevdali & Folli, Clitic climbing and restructuring in the history of French (2023) | olivier-2023 (olivier-2023-clitic-climbing-restructuring-history-french) | CC BY 4.0 | 09 |
Known by card only (no claim rests on them)
| work | slug (library folder) | why it is named | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maurice Grammont, Traité pratique de prononciation française (1914) | grammont-1914 (grammont-1914-traite-pratique-de-prononciation) | the law of three consonants; public domain in the EU but no free scan found | 02, 04 |
| Académie française, Dictionnaire, 9th ed. (1992–2024) | paris-2024 (paris-2024-dictionnaire-de-lacademie-fran) | the current academic dictionary | 00 |
| Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale (2002) | paris-2002 (paris-2002-lexique-des-regles-typographiques) | the reference typography of France | 07 |
| OQLF, Banque de dépannage linguistique | oqlf-2026 (oqlf-2026-banque-de-depannage-linguistique) | the Quebec norm | 00, 08 |
| Moreau (ed.), Mettre au féminin (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, 2014) | moreau-2014 (moreau-2014-mettre-au-feminin-guide) | Belgian feminisation of titles | 00, 06, 08 |
| Swiss Confederation, Guide de formulation non sexiste (2000) | suisse-2000 (suisse-2000-guide-de-formulation-non) | Swiss official drafting | 00, 06, 08 |
| Inventaire des particularités lexicales du français en Afrique noire (1983) | ifa-1983 (ifa-1983-inventaire-des-particularites-lexicales) | the reference lexicon of African French | 08 |
Treebanks, dictionaries and data (counts of 2026-11-06)
| resource | licence | use here | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| UD French GSD 2.18 | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts; short quotes with sent_id; Mova's training and test data | all chapters |
| UD French Sequoia, FQB 2.18 | LGPL-LR | counts | 03, 07, 08, 09 |
| UD French PUD, ALTS, ParisStories, Rhapsodie, PoitevinDIVITAL 2.18 | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts; short quotes with sent_id (ALTS, PoitevinDIVITAL); parser test (PoitevinDIVITAL) | 01–04, 07–09 |
| UD Old French ALTM, Middle French ALTM 2.18 | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts; short quotes | 09 |
| UD Old French PROFITEROLE (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), Middle French PROFITEROLE (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), French ParTUT (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) 2.18 | non-commercial | counts and parser measurements only, never quoted | 08, 09 |
| French Wiktionary, raw dump 2026-09-01 (20260901) | CC BY-SA | regional labels of the cue words checked; nothing copied | 08 |
Mova code and runs
| file or command | what it gives | cited in |
|---|---|---|
en/src/main.rs (xpos_of, xpos_fill, tok_eval, tag_eval, parse_eval) | the tag map and the measurements | 00–09 |
en/src/tok.rs | the tokenizer (character classes, learned dictionaries) | 01, 02, 04–07 |
en/src/conllu.rs (read) | the training view (drops multiword tokens and MISC) | 01, 03, 04 |
en/src/tag.rs | the suffix model for unknown words | 06 |
tools/langseg/ (src/cues.rs, src/lib.rs, Modern Standard French (fr) — a reference manual for Mova) | the variety-cue machinery the cue table of chapter 08 is written for | 08 |
en tok-eval, en tag-eval, en parse-eval on GSD train → dev (and test, PoitevinDIVITAL, Old and Middle French PROFITEROLE dev), release binary of 2026-10-22, runs of 2026-11-06, repeated with identical results | the figures of chapters 00, 04–09 | 00, 04–09 |
Chapters 10-19
The fragment for chapters 10–19 (morphology and the lexicon), to be merged into Sources. Each row names the work, its library slug (the short form used in the chapters; the full library folder begins with it), its licence, and the chapters that cite it. Public-domain grammars and open-access papers were read in full text; works marked "card only" are known by their library card and no claim rests on them.
Grammars, word formation and spelling (public domain, official)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| L.-N. Bescherelle, L'art de conjuguer (1848 ed.) | bescherelle-1848 | public domain | 13, 14 |
| L.-N. Bescherelle et al., Grammaire nationale (1860 ed.) | bescherelle-1860 | public domain | 10 |
| Léon Clédat, Grammaire raisonnée de la langue française (1894) | cledat-1894 | public domain | 15 |
| Ferdinand Brunot, Précis de grammaire historique de la langue française (1899) | brunot-1899 | public domain | 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 |
| Kristoffer Nyrop, Grammaire historique de la langue française, t. I–VI (1899–1930; t. II morphology, t. III word formation) | nyrop-1899 | public domain | 12, 16, 17, 18 |
| Arsène Darmesteter, De la création actuelle de mots nouveaux dans la langue française (1877) | darmesteter-1877 | public domain | 16, 18 |
| Arsène Darmesteter, Traité de la formation des mots composés dans la langue française (2nd ed., 1894) | darmesteter-1894 | public domain | 18 |
| Conseil supérieur de la langue française, Les rectifications de l'orthographe (Journal officiel, 6 December 1990) | cslf-1990 | official text, freely reusable (the Wikisource transcription's apparatus is CC BY-SA) | 11–19 |
Research (open access)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anne Abeillé, Lionel Clément & Loïc Liégeois, Un corpus arboré pour le français : le French Treebank (TAL 2019) | abeille-2019 (abeille-2019-un-corpus-arbore-pour-le) | CC BY 4.0 | 10 |
| Bruno Guillaume, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe & Guy Perrier, Conversion et améliorations de corpus du français annotés en Universal Dependencies (TAL 2019) | guillaume-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | 10, 13 |
| Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher Manning, Joakim Nivre & Daniel Zeman, Universal Dependencies (Computational Linguistics, 2021) | demarneffe-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | 10, 13 |
| Guillaume Wisniewski, Combien d'exemples de tests sont-ils nécessaires à une évaluation fiable ? (TALN 2019) | wisniewski-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | 10 |
| Cyril Grouin, Impact du français inclusif sur les outils du TAL (TALN 2022) | grouin-2022 (grouin-2022-impact-du-francais-inclusif-sur) | CC BY 4.0 | 10, 11 |
| Saumya Sahai & Dravyansh Sharma, Predicting and Explaining French Grammatical Gender (2021) | sahai-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | 11, 17 |
| Priyanka Sukumaran, Conor Houghton & Nina Kazanina, Investigating grammatical abstraction in language models using few-shot learning of novel noun gender (2024) | sukumaran-2024 | CC BY 4.0 | 11 |
| Khuyen N. Le, Alan Bale & David Barner, Object-mass nouns specify individuation lexically: evidence from English and French (Glossa, 2026) | le-2026 (le-2026-object-mass-nouns-specify-individuation) | CC BY 4.0 | 11, 12 |
| Enzo Doyen & Amalia Todirascu, GeNRe: a French gender-neutral rewriting system using collective nouns (2025) | doyen-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | 11 |
| Marie Flesch & Heather Burnett, Characterizing non-binary French (2025) | flesch-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | 11 |
| M. Pironneau, Aider à une rédaction plus inclusive (2022) | pironneau-2022 | CC BY 4.0 | 11 |
| Alexandra Simonenko & Anne Carlier, The evolution of possessive phrases and the rise of DP in French, Spanish, and Portuguese (Glossa, 2022) | simonenko-2022 | CC BY 4.0 | 12 |
| Petra Sleeman & Tabea Ihsane, Gender mismatches in partitive constructions with superlatives in French (Glossa, 2016) | sleeman-2016 | CC BY 4.0 | 12 |
| Marc Olivier, Christina Sevdali & Raffaella Folli, Clitic climbing and restructuring in the history of French (Glossa, 2023) | olivier-2023 | CC BY 4.0 | 12, 13 |
| Yanis da Cunha & Steffen Heidinger, Animacy restrictions without animacy features: strong pronouns in French and Spanish (Glossa, 2026) | cunha-2026 | CC BY 4.0 | 12 |
| Akiko Kobayashi, Past participle agreement in French and Italian: a two-Agree analysis (Glossa, 2022) | kobayashi-2022 | CC BY 4.0 | 13 |
| Balthazar Lauzon, Raffaella Folli, Christina Sevdali & Juliana Gerard, Acquisition of auxiliary selection in French and Italian and the role of input (Glossa, 2025) | lauzon-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | 13 |
| Ingo Feldhausen & Sebastian Buchczyk, Revisiting subjunctive obviation in French (Glossa, 2021) | feldhausen-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | 13 |
| Anna Colli, Diego Rossini & Delphine Battistelli, A modal sense classifier for the French modal verb pouvoir (CLiC-it 2024) | colli-2024 | CC BY 4.0 | 13 |
| Anna Colli & Delphine Battistelli, Exploration de la modalité en français parlé et écrit (TALN 2025) | colli-2025 | CC BY 4.0 | 13 |
| Benoît Sagot, Développement d'un lexique morphologique et syntaxique de l'ancien français (TALN 2019) | sagot-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | 14 |
| Eleni Metheniti et al., "Chère maison" or "maison chère"? Transformer-based prediction of adjective placement in French (Findings of EACL 2023) | metheniti-2023 | CC BY 4.0 | 15 |
| Mihaela Pirvulescu et al., The acquisition of adverbs in child L3 French in Canada (Glossa, 2022) | pirvulescu-2022 | CC BY 4.0 | 15 |
| Fiammetta Namer et al., Demonette2: une base de données dérivationnelle du français à grande échelle (TALN 2019) | namer-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | 16, 17, 18, 19 |
| Alice Missud, Pascal Amsili & Florence Villoing, VerNom: une base de paires morphologiques acquise sur très gros corpus (TALN 2020) | missud-2020 | CC BY 4.0 | 10, 17, 18 |
| Daniele Sanacore, Nabil Hathout & Fiammetta Namer, Semantic descriptions of French derivational relations in a families-and-paradigms framework (DeriMo 2019) | sanacore-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | 10, 16, 17 |
| Daniele Sanacore, Nabil Hathout & Fiammetta Namer, Représentation sémantique des familles dérivationnelles au moyen de frames morphosémantiques (TALN 2020) | sanacore-2020 | CC BY 4.0 | 16, 17, 19 |
| Marine Wauquier, Analyse des noms agentifs dans les espaces vectoriels distributionnels (RECITAL 2018) | wauquier-2018 | CC BY 4.0 | 17 |
| Marios Andreou & Simon Petitjean, Describing derivational polysemy with XMG (2017) | andreou-2017 | CC BY 4.0 | 17 |
| A. Koptient, La désambiguïsation des abréviations du domaine médical (RECITAL 2020) | koptient-2020 | CC BY 4.0 | 18 |
| M. Candito et al., Annotation d'expressions polylexicales verbales en français (TALN 2017) | candito-2017 (candito-2017-annotation-d-expressions-polylexicales-verbales) | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| C. Pasquer, Expressions polylexicales verbales : étude de la variabilité en corpus (RECITAL 2017) | pasquer-2017 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| J. Bezançon et al., Forbidden FRUIT is the Sweetest: an annotated tweets corpus for French unfrozen idioms identification (LAW 2025) | bezancon-2025 (bezancon-2025-forbidden-fruit-is-sweetest-annotated) | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| S. Bagdasarov, D. Alves & E. Teich, Cheese it up: CamemBERT outperforms large language models for identification of French multi-word expressions (MWE 2026) | bagdasarov-2026 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| EIFFEL: a novel benchmark to measure bias of English-heavy training on French idiomatic expressions (ACL 2026) | noel-2026 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| Idiom understanding as a tool to measure the dialect gap (Findings of ACL 2026) | beauchemin-2026 (beauchemin-2026-idiom-understanding-as-tool-measure) | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| A. Todirascu, M. Cargill & T. François, PolylexFLE: une base de données d'expressions polylexicales pour le FLE (TALN 2019) | todirascu-2019 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| N. Angleraud, L. Barque & M. Candito, Annotating the French Wiktionary with supersenses (COLING 2025) | angleraud-2025 | CC BY 4.0 (the annotated data is built on Wiktionary, CC BY-SA: learning and tests only) | 19 |
| N. Dankova, Lexical richness of French and Quebec journalistic texts (CLIB 2024) | dankova-2024 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| L. Nishimwe, B. Sagot & R. Bawden, Étude sur la normalisation lexicale de contenus produits par les utilisateurs (TAL 2024) | nishimwe-2024 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| L. Zurbuchen & R. Voigt, A computational analysis and exploration of linguistic borrowings in French rap lyrics (ACL SRW 2024) | zurbuchen-2024 | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
Known by card only (no claim rests on them)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Martin Riegel, Jean-Christophe Pellat & René Rioul, Grammaire méthodique du français (8th ed., 2021) | riegel-2021 | copyrighted, card only | 10 |
| Marie-Louise Moreau (ed.), Mettre au féminin (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, 2014) | moreau-2014 | read only, card only | 11 |
| Confédération suisse, Guide de formulation non sexiste (2000) | suisse-2000 | read only, card only | 11 |
Treebanks (counts of 2026-11-06 and quoted examples)
| treebank (UD 2.18) | licence | use here |
|---|---|---|
| UD French GSD | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts in every chapter; short quoted examples with fr-ud-… ids |
| UD French ParisStories (spoken) | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts; short quoted examples with sent_id |
| UD French Rhapsodie (spoken), PUD, ALTS | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts |
| UD French Sequoia, FQB | LGPL-LR | counts only, never quoted |
| UD French ParTUT | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | not used |
Counts were made over all files (train, dev, test) of each treebank in ud-treebanks-v2.18; the train → dev measurements of Mova's tagger and parser (LAS 87.00 / 89.78, unknown-word accuracy 84.8%) are the baselines of 2026-10-22 in What every language gets.
Mova code described
en/src/main.rs (xpos_fill, xpos_of), en/src/ptag.rs, en/src/tag.rs, en/src/derive.rs, en/src/morph.rs, en/src/conllu.rs, en/src/tok.rs.
Chapters 20-29
Every work cited in chapters 20–29, in the format of Sources, for merging into it. The slug is the work's card in the research library (the short form author-year in the chapters stands for the full slug given here). A point cited to a work was checked in the text we hold; papers are paraphrased in our own words. Treebank counts were made on the UD 2.18 files on 2026-11-06.
Grammars and official texts (public domain or official)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| W. H. Fraser, J. Squair & C. A. Coleman, The New Fraser and Squair Complete French Grammar (1921) | fraser-1921-new-fraser-squair-complete | public domain | 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 |
| Ferdinand Brunot, Précis de grammaire historique de la langue française (1899), §§484–485 | brunot-1899-precis-de-grammaire-historique | public domain | 27 |
| Léon Clédat, Grammaire raisonnée de la langue française (1894) | cledat-1894-grammaire-raisonnee-de-la | public domain | 21, 27 |
| Charles Bally, Traité de stylistique française (1909), §§284–289 | bally-1909-traite-de-stylistique-fran | public domain | 21, 29 |
| Conseil supérieur de la langue française, Les rectifications de l'orthographe (Journal officiel, 6 December 1990) | cslf-1990-les-rectifications-de-lorthographe | official text, freely reusable | 28 |
Research (open access)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher D. Manning, Joakim Nivre & Daniel Zeman, Universal Dependencies (Computational Linguistics, 2021) | demarneffe-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Bruno Guillaume, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe & Guy Perrier, Conversion et améliorations de corpus du français annotés en Universal Dependencies (TAL, 2019) | guillaume-2019-conversion-et-ameliorations-de-corpus | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Kim Gerdes, Bruno Guillaume, Sylvain Kahane & Guy Perrier, SUD or Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies (UDW 2018) | gerdes-2018-sud-or-surface-syntactic-universal | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Kim Gerdes, Bruno Guillaume, Sylvain Kahane & Guy Perrier, Improving Surface-syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD): MWEs and deep syntactic features (TLT 2019) | gerdes-2019-improving-surface-syntactic-universal-dependencies | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Guy Perrier, Étude des dépendances syntaxiques non projectives en français (TAL, 2021) | perrier-2021-etude-des-dependances-syntaxiques-non | CC BY 4.0 | 20, 21 |
| Sylvain Kahane et al., Annotation guidelines of UD and SUD treebanks for spoken corpora: a proposal (TLT 2021) | kahane-2021-annotation-guidelines-ud-sud-treebanks | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Sylvain Kahane et al., Status of morphosyntactic features: illustration with written and spoken French UD treebanks (TLT 2025) | kahane-2025-status-morphosyntactic-features-illustration-written | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Botero-Garcia et al., An intonosyntactic treebank for spoken French: what is new with Rhapsodie? (TLT 2025) | garcia-2025-intonosyntactic-treebank-spoken-french-what | CC BY 4.0 | 20 |
| Marc Olivier, Christina Sevdali & Raffaella Folli, Clitic climbing and restructuring in the history of French (Glossa, 2023) | olivier-2023-clitic-climbing-restructuring-history-french | CC BY 4.0 | 20, 21, 23 |
| Pierre Larrivée, To be or not to be informational: preverbal complements in Medieval French V2 configurations (Glossa, 2019) | larrivee-2019-be-or-not-be-informational | CC BY 4.0 | 21 |
| Pierre Larrivée et al., The correlation of micro-cues: the case of medieval French verb second (2025) | larrivee-2025-correlation-micro-cues-case-medieval | CC BY 4.0 | 21 |
| Alessia Cassarà, Subject focus in French and Spanish (Language Science Press, 2026) | cassara-2026-subject-focus-french-spanish | CC BY 4.0 | 21, 29 |
| Elodie Winckel & Anne Abeillé, Extraction out of subject phrases in French: experimental evidence (Quasy, SyntaxFest 2019) | abeille-2019-extracting-out-subject-french-experimental | CC BY 4.0 | 21, 25, 26 |
| Elodie Winckel, French subject islands: empirical and formal approaches (Language Science Press, 2024) | winckel-2024-french-subject-islands-empirical | CC BY 4.0 | 21, 25 |
| Gabrielle Aguila-Multner & Berthold Crysmann, French missing object constructions (Glossa, 2022) | multner-2022-french-missing-object-constructions | CC BY 4.0 | 21, 22, 23 |
| Juliette Thuilier, Margaret Grant, Benoît Crabbé & Anne Abeillé, Word order in French: the role of animacy (Glossa, 2021) | thuilier-2021-word-order-french-role-animacy | CC BY 4.0 | 21, 28, 29 |
| Eleni Metheniti, Tim Van de Cruys, Wissam Kerkri, Juliette Thuilier & Nabil Hathout, "Chère maison" or "maison chère"? Transformer-based prediction of adjective placement in French (Findings of EACL 2023) | metheniti-2023-chere-maison-or-maison-chere | CC BY 4.0 | 22 |
| Petra Sleeman & Tabea Ihsane, Gender mismatches in partitive constructions with superlatives in French (Glossa, 2016) | sleeman-2016-gender-mismatches-partitive-constructions-superlatives | CC BY 4.0 | 22 |
| Ingo Feldhausen & Sebastian Buchczyk, Revisiting subjunctive obviation in French: a formal acceptability judgment study (Glossa, 2021) | feldhausen-2021-revisiting-subjunctive-obviation-french-formal | CC BY 4.0 | 23, 24 |
| Akiko Kobayashi, Past participle agreement in French and Italian: a two-Agree analysis (Glossa, 2022) | kobayashi-2022-past-participle-agreement-french-italian | CC BY 4.0 | 23 |
| Joanna Blochowiak, Cristina Grisot & Liesbeth Degand, What type of subjectivity lies behind French causal connectives? car and parce que (Glossa, 2020) | blochowiak-2020-what-type-subjectivity-lies-behind | CC BY 4.0 | 24 |
| Stephanie Durrleman & Anamaria Bentea, Locality in the acquisition of object A′-dependencies: insights from French (Glossa, 2021) | durrleman-2021-locality-acquisition-object-dependencies-insights | CC BY 4.0 | 25 |
| Jérémy Pasquereau, Polar response particles in French as remnants of ellipsis (Glossa, 2020) | pasquereau-2020-polar-response-particles-french-as | CC BY 4.0 | 26, 29 |
| Megan Gotowski, Quoi-sluices in French (Glossa, 2022) | gotowski-2022-quoi-sluices-french | CC BY 4.0 | 26, 29 |
| Amal Hassen & Anne Abeillé, Preposition omission in French interrogative sluices (Glossa, 2025) | hassen-2025-preposition-omission-french-interrogative-sluices | CC BY 4.0 | 26, 29 |
| Iris Eshkol-Taravella, Angèle Barbedette, Xingyu Liu & Valentin-Gabriel Soumah, Classification automatique de questions spontanées vs. préparées dans des transcriptions de l'oral (TALN 2022) | taravella-2022-classification-automatique-de-questions-spontanees | CC BY 4.0 | 26 |
| Viviane Déprez & Jeremy D. Yeaton, On the prosody of French ambiguous multiple negative sentences (Glossa, 2022) | deprez-2022-prosody-french-ambiguous-multiple-negative | CC BY 4.0 | 27 |
| Marie Labelle, Apparent expletive negation, silent comparatives, and domain widening in Quebec French (Glossa, 2023) | labelle-2023-apparent-expletive-negation-silent-comparatives | CC BY 4.0 | 27 |
| Clément Dalloux, Vincent Claveau & Natalia Grabar, Speculation and negation detection in French biomedical corpora (RANLP 2019) | dalloux-2019-speculation-negation-detection-french-biomedical | CC BY 4.0 | 27 |
| Stephanie Durrleman, Hélène Delage, Philippe Prévost & Laurice Tuller, The comprehension of passives in Autism Spectrum Disorder (Glossa, 2017) | durrleman-2017-comprehension-passives-autism-spectrum-disorder | CC BY 4.0 | 28 |
| Balthazar Lauzon, Raffaella Folli, Christina Sevdali & Juliana Gerard, Acquisition of auxiliary selection in French and Italian and the role of input (Glossa, 2025) | lauzon-2025-acquisition-auxiliary-selection-french-italian | CC BY 4.0 | 28 |
| Jozina Vander Klok, Heather Goad & Michael Wagner, Prosodic focus in English vs. French: a scope account (Glossa, 2018) | klok-2018-prosodic-focus-english-vs-french | CC BY 4.0 | 29 |
| Malte Rosemeyer & Julia Heine, Subjective syntax: fronted and non-fronted French de nouveau (Glossa, 2026) | rosemeyer-2026-subjective-syntax-fronted-non-fronted | CC BY 4.0 | 29 |
| Aoi Shiraïshi, Anne Abeillé, Barbara Hemforth & Philip Miller, Verbal mismatch in Right-Node Raising (Glossa, 2019) | shiraishi-2019-verbal-mismatch-right-node-raising | CC BY 4.0 | 29 |
Named but not held as a text: Seddah & Candito, Hard Time Parsing Questions: Building a QuestionBank for French (LREC 2016), the source of FQB, known from the treebank's README (26).
Treebanks (the examples and the counts)
| treebank (UD 2.18) | licence | use here |
|---|---|---|
| UD French GSD | CC BY-SA 4.0 | short quotations with sent_id; counts; Mova's training file (train) |
| UD French ParisStories | CC BY-SA 4.0 | short quotations with sent_id; counts |
| UD French Rhapsodie | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts |
| UD French Sequoia | LGPL-LR | counts |
| UD French FQB | LGPL-LR | short quotations with sent_id; counts |
| UD French PUD | CC BY-SA 3.0 | counts (20) |
| UD French ParTUT | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | counts only (20); non-commercial, never in what is built |
| UD French ALTS | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts (20) |
| UD Poitevin-Saintongeais DIVITAL | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts (20) |
Mova (the "How Mova handles it" sections)
en/src/main.rs:xpos_fill,xpos_of(the UPOS/FEATS → PTB tag mapping),tok_eval,explain. The traces were made withen explainbuilt from this branch, trained on the GSD training file afteren xpos-fill(12 epochs, beam 8, CPU, 2026-11-06).en/src/gram.rs: theRelenum (universal relations and English subtypes) andRel::base.en/src/conllu.rs: the fallback of an unknown subtype (obl:arg→obl).prag/src/frames.rs: the frames reader, which reads English words.- What every language gets: the French GSD baseline (LAS 87.00 / 89.78, 2026-10-22).
Chapters 30-38
The pragmatics chapters are written in our own words. This list gives every work they cite, with the slug of its card in the research library and its licence. Public-domain works and open-access papers (CC BY and similar) are the base, cited and paraphrased; papers under non-commercial or no-derivatives terms, and copyrighted works known by their card only, inform the text and are never quoted. Corpus data follows Data and model licences: share-alike data is counted, tested on and quoted briefly; non-commercial data is counted only.
Grammars and historical works (public domain)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bally 1909, Traité de stylistique française, t. I–II (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1909) | bally-1909-traite-de-stylistique-fran | public domain | 37, 38 |
| Brunot 1906, Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900 (Paris: A. Colin, 1905–1943): t. II, III.1, IV.1, V, VIII.1, VIII.2–3, X.1, X.2 | brunot-1906-histoire-de-la-langue | public domain | 32 |
| Brunot 1922, La pensée et la langue: méthode, principes et plan d'une théorie nouvelle du langage appliquée au français (Paris: Masson, 1922) | brunot-1922-la-pensee-et-la | public domain | 30, 31, 32, 34 |
| Dauzat 1908, La langue française d'aujourd'hui: évolution, problèmes actuels (Paris: A. Colin, 1908) | dauzat-1908-la-langue-fran-aise | public domain | 34 |
| Nyrop 1899, Grammaire historique de la langue française, t. I–VI (Copenhague: Gyldendal / Nordisk forlag, 1899–1930) | nyrop-1899-grammaire-historique-de-la | public domain | 30, 32 |
| Tobler 1905, Mélanges de grammaire française, traduction française de la 2e éd. par Max Kuttner, avec la collaboration de Léopold Sudre (Paris: A. Picard, 1905) | tobler-1905-melanges-de-grammaire-fran | public domain | 38 |
| Vaugelas 1880, Remarques sur la langue françoise, nouv. éd. par A. Chassang, t. I–II (Versailles: Cerf; Paris: Baudry, 1880) | vaugelas-1880-remarques-sur-la-langue | public domain | 37 |
| Ferdinand Brunot, Précis de grammaire historique de la langue française (1899) | brunot-1899 | public domain | 36 |
| Léon Clédat, Grammaire raisonnée de la langue française (1894) | cledat-1894 | public domain | 36 |
| Conseil supérieur de la langue française, Les rectifications de l'orthographe (1990) | cslf-1990 | official text, freely reusable | 37 |
| Traditional songs (Au clair de la lune, Il était un petit navire, Sur le pont d'Avignon, Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre, À la claire fontaine); Rouget de Lisle, La Marseillaise (1792) | — | public domain | 37 |
Open papers and books (cited and paraphrased)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amsili 2017, A Google-Proof Collection of French Winograd Schemas | amsili-2017-google-proof-collection-french-winograd | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 33, 35 |
| Badene 2019, Apprentissage faiblement supervisé de la structure discursive (Learning discourse structure using weak supervision ) | badene-2019-apprentissage-faiblement-supervise-de-la | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 36 |
| Bagdasarov 2026, Cheese it up: CamemBERT Outperforms Large Language Models for Identification of French Multi-word Expressions | bagdasarov-2026-cheese-it-up-camembert-outperforms | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Barbedette 2020, Prédire automatiquement les intentions du locuteur dans des questions issues du discours oral spontané (Automatically predicting the speaker's intentions in questions from spontaneous oral speech) | barbedette-2020-predire-automatiquement-les-intentions-du | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 31 |
| Barletta 2024, Annotation de la continuité référentielle dans un corpus scolaire – premiers résultats | barletta-2024-annotation-de-la-continuite-referentielle | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Barletta 2025, Analyse de la continuité référentielle dans le corpus d'écrits scolaires français et italien Scolinter | barletta-2025-analyse-de-la-continuite-referentielle | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Beauchemin 2026, Idiom Understanding as a Tool to Measure the Dialect Gap | beauchemin-2026-idiom-understanding-as-tool-measure | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 34 |
| Beauchemin 2026, QFrBLiMP: a Quebec-French Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs | beauchemin-2026-qfrblimp-quebec-french-benchmark-linguistic | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 37 |
| Beligne 2017, Détection automatique de métaphores dans des textes de Géographie : une étude prospective (Automatic detection of metaphors in Geographical research papers : a prospective study) | beligne-2017-detection-automatique-de-metaphores-dans | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Bezancon 2023, Reconnaissance de défigements dans des tweets en français par des mesures de similarité sur des alignements textuels | bezancon-2023-reconnaissance-de-defigements-dans-des | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 34 |
| Bezancon 2025, Forbidden FRUIT is the Sweetest: An Annotated Tweets Corpus for French Unfrozen Idioms Identification | bezancon-2025-forbidden-fruit-is-sweetest-annotated | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 34 |
| Blochowiak 2018, The pragmatics of descriptive and metalinguistic negation: experimental data from French | blochowiak-2018-pragmatics-descriptive-metalinguistic-negation-experimental | CC BY 4.0 | 33 |
| Blochowiak 2020, What type of subjectivity lies behind French causal connectives? A corpus-based comparative investigation of <i>car</i> and <i>parce que</i> | blochowiak-2020-what-type-subjectivity-lies-behind | CC BY 4.0 | 30, 36 |
| Boiteau 2025, Intégration des relations inter-référents dans l'annotation de la coréférence : modèle et application | boiteau-2025-integration-des-relations-inter-referents | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Bonzi 2026, A French OSCE Dialogue Dataset and Controllable Virtual Patient System for Clinical Training | bonzi-2026-french-osce-dialogue-dataset-controllable | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 31 |
| Bourgois 2025, The Elephant in the Coreference Room: Resolving Coreference in Full-Length French Fiction Works | bourgois-2025-elephant-coreference-room-resolving-coreference | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 35 |
| Brassier 2018, Classification par paires de mention pour la résolution des coréférences en français parlé interactif (Mention-pair classification for corefence resolution on spontaneous spoken French) | brassier-2018-classification-par-paires-de-mention | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Brassier 2022, Évaluation comparative de systèmes neuronal et statistique pour la résolution de coréférence en langage parlé (Comparative evaluation of neural and statistical coreference resolution on spoken language ) | brassier-2022-valuation-comparative-de-systemes-neuronal | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Candito 2017, Annotation d'expressions polylexicales verbales en français (Annotation of verbal multiword expressions in French) | candito-2017-annotation-d-expressions-polylexicales-verbales | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Cassara 2026, Subject focus in French and Spanish (Language Science Press, Open Romance Linguistics, 2026) | cassara-2026-subject-focus-french-spanish | CC BY 4.0 (Zenodo, langscipress community; DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19564874) | 33 |
| Castaneda 2025, Annotation de Marqueurs Discursifs : le cas de la désambiguïsation de après | castaneda-2025-annotation-de-marqueurs-discursifs-le | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 36, 38 |
| Chiril 2019, Multilingual and Multitarget Hate Speech Detection in Tweets | chiril-2019-multilingual-multitarget-hate-speech-detection | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 32 |
| Christodoulides 2020, Variation prosodique des styles de parole et interface syntaxe-prosodie: Étude sur corpus à grande échelle (Speaking Style Prosodic Variation and the Prosody-Syntax Interface : A Large-Scale Corpus) | christodoulides-2020-variation-prosodique-des-styles-de | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 37 |
| Colli 2024, A Modal Sense Classifier for the French Modal Verb Pouvoir | colli-2024-modal-sense-classifier-french-modal | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 31, 32 |
| Colli 2025, Exploration de la modalité en français parlé et écrit | colli-2025-exploration-de-la-modalite-en | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 32 |
| Cunha 2026, Animacy restrictions without animacy features: The case of strong pronouns in French and Spanish | cunha-2026-animacy-restrictions-without-animacy-features | CC BY 4.0 | 30 |
| Dankova 2024, Lexical Richness of French and Quebec Journalistic Texts | dankova-2024-lexical-richness-french-quebec-journalistic | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 37 |
| Dehouck 2023, Génération automatique de jeux de mots à base de prénoms | dehouck-2023-generation-automatique-de-jeux-de | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Deng 2023, A variationist analysis of two French attitude expressions: je pense and je crois | deng-2023-variationist-analysis-two-french-attitude | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 32 |
| Dinkar 2022, Fillers in Spoken Language Understanding: Computational and Psycholinguistic Perspectives | dinkar-2022-fillers-spoken-language-understanding-computational | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30 |
| Durandard 2023, Automatic Annotation of Direct Speech in Written French Narratives | durandard-2023-automatic-annotation-direct-speech-written | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Garassino 2024, Politicians vs ChatGPT. A study of presuppositions in French and Italian political communication | garassino-2024-politicians-vs-chatgpt-study-presuppositions | CC BY 4.0 (arXiv) | 30, 33 |
| Garcia 2025, An intonosyntactic treebank for spoken French: What is new with Rhapsodie? | garcia-2025-intonosyntactic-treebank-spoken-french-what | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 37, 38 |
| Godbert 2017, Détection de coréférences de bout en bout en français (End-to-end coreference resolution for French) | godbert-2017-detection-de-coreferences-de-bout | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Grabar 2016, Prédiction automatique de fonctions pragmatiques dans les reformulations (Automatic prediction of pragmatic functions in reformulations) | grabar-2016-prediction-automatique-de-fonctions-pragmatiques | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 38 |
| Grobol 2017, Interoperable annotation of (co)references in the Democrat project | grobol-2017-interoperable-annotation-co-references-democrat | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30 |
| Grobol 2019, Neural Coreference Resolution with Limited Lexical Context and Explicit Mention Detection for Oral French | grobol-2019-neural-coreference-resolution-limited-lexical | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 35 |
| Grobol 2021, Exploitation du corpus Democrat par apprentissage artificiel | fr-nlp-2021-grobol-exploitation-corpus-democrat | CC BY 4.0 (HAL licence) | 35 |
| Guenoune 2020, A Dataset for Anaphora Analysis in French Emails | guenoune-2020-dataset-anaphora-analysis-french-emails | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 32, 35 |
| Hunter 2024, SUMM-RE: A corpus of French meeting-style conversations | hunter-2024-summ-re-corpus-french-meeting | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 31, 38 |
| Kahane 2021, Annotation guidelines of UD and SUD treebanks for spoken corpora: A proposal | kahane-2021-annotation-guidelines-ud-sud-treebanks | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 37, 38 |
| Kogkitsidou 2016, L'architecture d'un modèle hybride pour la normalisation de SMS (A hybrid model architecture for SMS normalization) | kogkitsidou-2016-l-architecture-d-un-modele | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30 |
| Laali 2017, Automatic Mapping of French Discourse Connectives to PDTB Discourse Relations | laali-2017-automatic-mapping-french-discourse-connectives | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 36 |
| Lancien 2020, Variation stylistique en français québécois : l'effet de l'identité de l'interlocuteur (Stylistic variation in Quebec French: the effect of the interlocutor's identity) | lancien-2020-variation-stylistique-en-francais-quebecois | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 32, 37 |
| Lecorve 2018, Construction conjointe d'un corpus et d'un classifieur pour les registres de langue en français (Joint building of a corpus and a classifier for language registers in French) | lecorve-2018-construction-conjointe-d-un-corpus | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30 |
| Lee 2020, Étude comparative de corrélats prosodiques de marqueurs discursifs français et anglais selon leur fonction pragmatique (Comparative study on prosodic correlates of discourse markers in French and English according to their pragmatic function) | lee-2020-tude-comparative-de-correlats-prosodiques | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30 |
| Lopez 2023, Approches neuronales pour la détection des chaînes de coréférences : un état de l'art | lopez-2023-approches-neuronales-pour-la-detection | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 35 |
| Louradour 2024, Claire: Large Language Models for Spontaneous French Dialogue | louradour-2024-claire-large-language-models-spontaneous | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 31, 38 |
| Maachou 2025, Supervision faible pour la classification des relations discursives | maachou-2025-supervision-faible-pour-la-classification | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 36 |
| Mekki 2021, TREMoLo-Tweets: A Multi-Label Corpus of French Tweets for Language Register Characterization | mekki-2021-tremolo-tweets-multi-label-corpus | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 37 |
| Mekki 2025, Automatic characterization of French language registers: illustration on tweets | mekki-2025-automatic-characterization-french-language-registers | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 37 |
| Milintsevich 2025, Impact of ASR Transcriptions on French Spoken Coreference Resolution | milintsevich-2025-impact-asr-transcriptions-french-spoken | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 35 |
| Mpouli 2019, Chronique d'un échec : identification des métaphores dans les écrits des géographes [Chronicle of a failure: identifying metaphors in the writings of geographers] | mpouli-2019-chronique-d-un-echec-identification | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Nishimwe 2023, Normalisation lexicale de contenus générés par les utilisateurs sur les réseaux sociaux | nishimwe-2023-normalisation-lexicale-de-contenus-generes | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 37 |
| Njifenjou 2025, Enabling Trait-based Personality Simulation in Conversational LLM Agents: Case Study of Customer Assistance in French | njifenjou-2025-enabling-trait-based-personality-simulation | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 31 |
| Noel 2026, EIFFEL: a novel benchmark to measure bias of English heavy training on French idiomatic expressions | noel-2026-eiffel-novel-benchmark-measure-bias | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 34 |
| Oberle 2019, Détection automatique de chaînes de coréférence pour le français écrit: règles et ressources adaptées au repérage de phénomènes linguistiques spécifiques (Automatic coreference resolution for written French : rules and resources for specific linguistic phenomena) | oberle-2019-detection-automatique-de-chaines-de | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 35 |
| Ollagnier 2025, CyberAgressionAdo-Large: French Multiparty Chat Dataset to Address Online Hate | ollagnier-2025-cyberagressionado-large-french-multiparty-chat | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 32 |
| Pasquer 2017, Expressions polylexicales verbales : étude de la variabilité en corpus (Verbal MWEs : a corpus-based study of variability) | pasquer-2017-expressions-polylexicales-verbales-etude-de | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Pasquereau 2020, Polar response particles in French as remnants of ellipsis | pasquereau-2020-polar-response-particles-french-as | CC BY 4.0 | 31 |
| Pastor 2024, La reconnaissance automatique des relations de cohérence RST en français. | pastor-2024-la-reconnaissance-automatique-des-relations | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 36 |
| Pottiez 2025, Détection de métaphores dans les documents médicaux | pottiez-2025-detection-de-metaphores-dans-les | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Prevot 2023, Comparing Methods for Segmenting Elementary Discourse Units in a French Conversational Corpus | prevot-2023-comparing-methods-segmenting-elementary-discourse | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 36 |
| Prevot 2025, Segmenting a Large French Meeting Corpus into Elementary Discourse Units | prevot-2025-segmenting-large-french-meeting-corpus | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 31, 36 |
| Rauh 2023, Toward a Multilingual Connective Database: Aligning German/French Concessive Connectives | rauh-2023-multilingual-connective-database-aligning-german | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 36 |
| Rennard 2023, FREDSum: A Dialogue Summarization Corpus for French Political Debates | rennard-2023-fredsum-dialogue-summarization-corpus-french | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 38 |
| Seminck 2019, Modèles de langue appliqués aux schémas Winograd français (Language Models applied to French Winograd Schemas) | seminck-2019-modeles-de-langue-appliques-aux | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 35 |
| Sow 2025, État de l'art sur les marqueurs discursifs en Traitement Automatique des Langues | sow-2025-etat-de-l-art-sur | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 38 |
| Sow 2026, Relex: A Common Denominator for Connectives and Discourse Relations in French | sow-2026-relex-common-denominator-connectives-discourse | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 36 |
| Sperlich 2016, The interaction of politeness systems in Korean learners of French | sperlich-2016-interaction-politeness-systems-korean-learners | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 32 |
| Taravella 2022, Classification automatique de questions spontanées vs. préparées dans des transcriptions de l'oral (Automatic Classification of Spontaneous vs) | taravella-2022-classification-automatique-de-questions-spontanees | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 31, 37 |
| Todirascu 2019, PolylexFLE : une base de données d'expressions polylexicales pour le FLE (PolylexFLE : a database of multiword expressions for French L2 language learning) | todirascu-2019-polylexfle-une-base-de-donnees | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Uro 2024, Évaluation perceptive de l'anticipation de la prise de parole lors d'interactions dialogiques en français | uro-2024-evaluation-perceptive-de-l-anticipation | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 38 |
| Wang 2022, Investigating associative, switchable and negatable Winograd items on renewed French data sets | wang-2022-investigating-associative-switchable-negatable-winograd | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 33 |
| Zampieri 2022, Identification des Expressions Polylexicales dans les Tweets (Identification of Multiword Expressions in Tweets) | zampieri-2022-identification-des-expressions-polylexicales-dans | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 34 |
| Zhou 2024, Une comparaison de l'intonation ironique en français et en mandarin | zhou-2024-une-comparaison-de-l-intonation | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 30, 34 |
| Zurbuchen 2024, A Computational Analysis and Exploration of Linguistic Borrowings in French Rap Lyrics | zurbuchen-2024-computational-analysis-exploration-linguistic-borrowings | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 37 |
| Grosz, Joshi & Weinstein 1995, Centering: A Framework for Modeling the Local Coherence of Discourse | grosz-1995-centering-framework-modeling-local-coherence | ACL Anthology (as in the English sources) | 35 |
Papers and works that inform only (non-commercial, no-derivatives or not open)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afantenos 2012, An empirical resource for discovering cognitive principles of discourse organisation: the ANNODIS corpus | afantenos-2012-empirical-resource-discovering-cognitive-principles | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 36 |
| Atallah 2015, La ressource EXPLICADIS, un corpus annoté spécifiquement pour l'étude des relations de discours causales | atallah-2015-la-ressource-explicadis-un-corpus | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 36 |
| Bigi 2016, Laughter in French Spontaneous Conversational Dialogs | bigi-2016-laughter-french-spontaneous-conversational-dialogs | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 38 |
| Blochowiak 2026, Argumentation through Discourse Relations and Subjectivity: Introducing FreCaDiS, a French Multi-Genre Corpus | blochowiak-2026-argumentation-through-discourse-relations-subjectivity | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 36 |
| Bosco 2016, Tweeting and Being Ironic in the Debate about a Political Reform: the French Annotated Corpus TWitter-MariagePourTous | bosco-2016-tweeting-being-ironic-debate-about | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 34 |
Bras 2001, Temporal Information And Discourse Relations In Narratives: The Role Of French Connectives Puis' And Un Peu Plus Tard' | bras-2001-temporal-information-discourse-relations-narratives | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 36 |
| Brun 2008, Résolution de Métonymie des Entités Nommées : proposition d'une méthode hybride | brun-2008-resolution-de-metonymie-des-entites | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 34 |
| Brun 2009, Résolution de métonymie des entités nommées : proposition d'une méthode hybride [Metonymy resolution for named entities: an hybrid approach] | brun-2009-resolution-de-metonymie-des-entites | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 34 |
| Danlos 2012, Vers le FDTB : French Discourse Tree Bank (Towards the FDTB : French Discourse Tree Bank) [in French] | danlos-2012-vers-le-fdtb-french-discourse | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 36 |
| Danlos 2015, FDTB1, première étape du projet « French Discourse Treebank » : repérage des connecteurs de discours en corpus | danlos-2015-fdtb1-premiere-etape-projet-french | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 36 |
| Devillers 2004, The French MEDIA/EVALDA Project: the Evaluation of the Understanding Capability of Spoken Language Dialogue Systems | devillers-2004-french-media-evalda-project-evaluation | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 38 |
| Gorisch 2014, Aix Map Task corpus: The French multimodal corpus of task-oriented dialogue | gorisch-2014-aix-map-task-corpus-french | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 38 |
| Grabar 2016, Detection of Reformulations in Spoken French | grabar-2016-detection-reformulations-spoken-french | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 38 |
| Karoui 2015, Détection automatique de l'ironie dans les tweets en français | karoui-2015-detection-automatique-de-l-ironie | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 34 |
| Mpouli 2015, Extraction et analyse automatique des comparaisons et des pseudo-comparaisons pour la détection des comparaisons figuratives | mpouli-2015-extraction-et-analyse-automatique-des | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 34 |
| Muller 2024, IndirectQA: Understanding Indirect Answers to Implicit Polar Questions in French and Spanish | muller-2024-indirectqa-understanding-indirect-answers-implicit | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 30, 31, 33, 38 |
| Muzerelle 2013, ANCOR, the first large French speaking corpus of conversational speech annotated in coreference to be freely available (ANCOR, premier corpus de français parlé d'envergure annoté en coréférence et distribué librement) [in French] | muzerelle-2013-ancor-first-large-french-speaking | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 35 |
| Muzerelle 2014, ANCOR_Centre, a large free spoken French coreference corpus: description of the resource and reliability measures | muzerelle-2014-ancor-centre-large-free-spoken | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 35 |
| Nedoluzhko 2022, CorefUD 1.0: Coreference Meets Universal Dependencies | nedoluzhko-2022-corefud-1-0-coreference-meets | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 35 |
| OQLF 2026, Banque de dépannage linguistique (BDL; online) | oqlf-2026-banque-de-depannage-linguistique | © Gouvernement du Québec (OQLF) — free to consult; reproduction terms do not grant an open licence — card only (no file) | 37 |
| Imprimerie nationale 2002, Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale (6th ed., Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 2002) | paris-2002-lexique-des-regles-typographiques | © Imprimerie nationale — copyrighted, card only (no file) | 37 |
| Académie française 2024, Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, 9th ed. (1992–2024; online) | paris-2024-dictionnaire-de-lacademie-fran | © Académie française — free to consult online, no open licence — card only (no file) | 37 |
| Prevot 2013, A quantitative view of feedback lexical markers in conversational French | prevot-2013-quantitative-view-feedback-lexical-markers | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 38 |
| Prevot 2015, Annotation and Classification of French Feedback Communicative Functions | prevot-2015-annotation-classification-french-feedback-communicative | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 38 |
| Richard 2024, FRACAS: a FRench Annotated Corpus of Attribution relations in newS | richard-2024-fracas-french-annotated-corpus-attribution | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 36 |
| Roze 2012, LEXCONN: A French Lexicon of Discourse Connectives | roze-2012-lexconn-french-lexicon-discourse-connectives | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | 36 |
| Uro 2024, Annotation of Transition-Relevance Places and Interruptions for the Description of Turn-Taking in Conversations in French Media Content | uro-2024-annotation-transition-relevance-places-interruptions | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 38 |
| Wilkens 2020, French Coreference for Spoken and Written Language | wilkens-2020-french-coreference-spoken-written-language | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 35 |
| Woodley 2009, ANNODIS: une approche outillée de l'annotation de structures discursives | woodley-2009-annodis-une-approche-outillee-de | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 36 |
| Woodley 2011, Le corpus ANNODIS, un corpus enrichi d'annotations discursives [The ANNODIS corpus, a corpus enriched with discourse annotations] | woodley-2011-le-corpus-annodis-un-corpus | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016) | 36 |
| Yung 2024, DiscoGeM 2.0: A Parallel Corpus of English, German, French and Czech Implicit Discourse Relations | yung-2024-discogem-2-0-parallel-corpus | CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings) | 36 |
Other works cited
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bunt et al. 2020, The ISO Standard for Dialogue Act Annotation, Second Edition | bunt-2020-iso-standard-dialogue-act-annotation (English library) | as in the English sources | 31 |
| Clark & Schaefer 1989, Contributing to Discourse; Clark & Brennan 1991, Grounding in Communication | papers/c/cl/clark-1989-contributing-discourse, papers/c/cl/clark-1991-grounding-communication | as in the English sources | 38 |
| Ginzburg et al. 2020, Laughter as language | ginzburg-2020-laughter-as-language | as in the English sources | 38 |
| Code civil, art. 1240 | — | official text | 37 |
Monroe, Colaresi & Quinn 2008, Fightin' Words (the method of world/src/register.rs) | — | not held | 37 |
Corpora
| corpus | where | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| UD 2.18 French GSD, ParisStories, Rhapsodie | ud-treebanks-v2.18 | CC BY-SA 4.0: counts and short quotes with sent_id | 30–38 |
| UD 2.18 French ALTS (sixteenth-century legal French; contrast only) | same | CC BY-SA 4.0 | 30, 37 |
| UD 2.18 French PUD | same | CC BY-SA 3.0 | 30, 36, 37, 38 |
| UD 2.18 French Sequoia, FQB | same | LGPL-LR: counts, not quoted | 30–38 |
| UD 2.18 French ParTUT | same | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0: counts only | 30, 36, 38 |
| CorefUD French-Democrat (conversion 1.1), train and dev | corefud-fr-democrat | CC BY-SA 4.0 | 35 |
All counts were made on 2026-11-06, all splits together, one count per syntactic word (multiword tokens counted as their parts). Each chapter states its denominator.
Wanted
Not open, or not in the library, and therefore not used: Grice 1975; Brown & Levinson 1987; Searle 1969, 1975; Halliday & Hasan 1976; Asher & Lascarides 2003; Anscombre & Ducrot 1983; Ducrot, Dire et ne pas dire (1972); Kerbrat-Orecchioni on politeness and L'implicite; Kleiber on associative anaphora; Corblin, Charolles, Schnedecker on reference; Kamp & Rohrer 1983; Weinrich, Le Temps; Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974; Riegel, Pellat & Rioul, Grammaire méthodique du français; Grevisse & Goosse, Le Bon Usage; Abeillé & Godard (eds.), La Grande Grammaire du français; Bally, Le style indirect libre en français moderne (1912; public domain, not yet in the library); the 8th edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1932–1935; public domain in the EU, held as a card only); an open multidimensional (Biber-style) study of French registers.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/fr/sources/