🗣️ 38. Dialogue and discourse markers

Spoken Ukrainian is held together by small words that carry no propositional content: ну (nu) opens a turn, hesitates, urges or concedes; от and ось point and sum up; ж insists on what the hearer should already know; таки says "after all, despite expectation"; хіба doubts; значить and отже draw a conclusion; знаєте, розумієте, слухайте, дивіться call for attention; так, ні, да, ага, еге ж, авжеж, гаразд answer and acknowledge; ой, ох, йой, ого react. This chapter describes these discourse markers and the dialogue they organise: the inventory and its functions, the counts in a written and a spoken treebank and in news and mixed prose (2026-11-06), the individual markers, answers and backchannels, interjections, repairs, the codified classes of parenthetical words, the variation across regions, generations and surzhyk as deltas over the literary standard, and what Mova does with them today: it keeps some as particle members and reads none.

Contents

1. What discourse markers do
2. The inventory
3. How frequent they are
4. The markers one by one
5. Answers, agreement and backchannels
6. Interjections
7. Repairs and disfluency
8. Parenthetical words: the codified classes
9. The shape of a dialogue
10. Varieties, generations and surzhyk as deltas
11. Quick reference: discourse markers in UD
12. How Mova handles it
13. Sources

Related chapters: particles as the main pragmatic word class in 30. Pragmatics: an overview, § 3; requests, thanks and greetings in 31. Speech acts; hedges and address in 32. Politeness and hedging; ironic ну, аякже, ага in 34. Irony and figurative language; tag questions in 26. Questions; connectives in 36. Discourse relations; register in 37. Register and variation; the lexicon of set phrases in 19. The lexicon: where the words come from, multiword expressions and register.

Conventions as in chapter 20: examples in Cyrillic italics, romanized by the national system (2010) on first use, glossed; sentences from UD Ukrainian-ParlaMint (CC BY-SA 4.0) quoted with their sent_id; UD Ukrainian-IU (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) and Brown-UK (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) for counts only. Counts: UD 2.18, all splits, awk, word forms with the capitalised variant folded in by hand; Leipzig ukr_news_2024 (1 M sentences, about 14.2 M words, CC BY) and Brown-UK (1,037,038 words) with case-insensitive whole-word grep -oiw, 2026-11-06. Chapter 30 counts the news corpus in lowercase only, which gives smaller numbers for sentence-initial markers (for ну: 225 there, 413 here).

1. What discourse markers do

A discourse marker comments on the utterance or the interaction, not on the world. Ну, я ж казав 'Well, I told you' says the same as Я казав 'I told you' about what happened, and adds that the speaker takes up the turn with some reluctance or resignation (ну) and that the hearer ought to have known (ж). The functions overlap; the main ones:

2. The inventory

Several items are polyfunctional across word classes: так is an adverb 'so, thus', a conjunction (так що), an answer 'yes' and a turn opener; от and ось are particles of pointing and markers of summing up; ну is a particle and an interjection; знаєте and слухайте are verbs used as markers.

3. How frequent they are

3.1 Two treebanks

Word-form counts and the rate per 10,000 words, all relations (IU: written, 99,495 words; ParlaMint: parliamentary speech 2003–2022, 89,858 words; 2026-11-06):

The discourse relation itself (counted in chapter 30, § 3.3): IU 2,321 arcs plus 226 parataxis:discourse, ParlaMint 791; ну is the most frequent discourse lemma of ParlaMint (90) and is not among the top of IU, where emphatic й, то, навіть lead.

The two treebanks divide the markers by medium. Parliament has three times IU's ну, four times its знаєте, nine times its да, and all its бачите: the markers of live address to an audience. IU — fiction, news, letters, blog posts and comments — has more of the particles of written dialogue and narrative (ж 18 per 10k, от 5.5), the colloquial spelling шо (9, in posts and fiction), and the interjection ой.

3.2 News and mixed prose

Per million words (raw counts in parentheses), 2026-11-06:

News quotes speech but does not converse: ну is seven times rarer than in Brown-UK, хіба nine times, ой nine times, ага and еге almost absent. The particles that also serve argument — ж, таки, от, ось — have a solid base in news (interviews, columns, Telegram-style reports). Окей/ок is more frequent in 2024 news than in Brown-UK (texts mostly from before 2020): a recent borrowing on its way into reported speech. The news да (198) is almost all Portuguese and Italian names (Лула да Сілва, да Вінчі) and quoted Russian; it is not the answer word.

4. The markers one by one

4.1 Ну

The most versatile Ukrainian marker. Its uses in ParlaMint show the range:

• turn opening with distance or reluctance: Ну, я наскільки розумію, передає слово Шуфричу Нестору Івановичу (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u112.p1.lang1.s4) 'Well, as far as I understand, he is giving the floor to Nestor Ivanovych Shufrych';
• objection and correction: Ну, районних судів уже не існує (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u121.p1.lang1.s5) 'Well, district courts no longer exist';
• ironic concession: Ну, нібито непогана законодавча ініціатива, нібито (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u115.p1.lang1.s2) 'Well, supposedly not a bad legislative initiative, supposedly';
• with от for summing up or presenting: Ну, от у вас або Росія – або санкції (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u115.p1.lang1.s4) 'Well, there you have it: either Russia or sanctions';
• urging, often with an imperative: Ну, давай!, Ну ходімо!;
• exclamatory evaluation: Ну ти й даєш! 'Well, you're something!'; Ну й погода! 'What weather!' (chapter 34);
• in questions: Ну, яким же чином (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u129.p1.lang1.s7) 'Well, how exactly'; Ну що? 'So?'.

In writing, ну is set off by a comma when it stands alone at the head of the utterance (Ну, давай, as the transcripts above do) and is written without one when it forms a unit with what follows (Ну й погода!, Ну що?). In UD Ukrainian it is PART discourse.

4.2 От, ось, ото, оце

Ось and от both point (Ось він іде 'Here he comes'; От він 'There he is'); ось is closer and more neutral, от more expressive and more often a marker of summing up or of a conclusion drawn by the speaker: От і все 'That's all'; От тобі й маєш 'There you go'; І от тепер у мене питання (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u66.p3.lang1.s1) 'And now here is my question'. Тут от я зачитаю (ParlaMint-UA_2003-10-14-m0.u74.p1.lang2.s1) 'Here, look, I'll read it out' — от after a place adverb, pointing to the speaker's own action. Ото and оце are emphatic: Ото й воно! 'That's just it!'; Оце так! 'Wow!'. Так от 'so then' resumes after a digression. IU has 55 от and 22 ось; ParlaMint 20 and 24: ось is the parliamentary choice, от the narrative and colloquial one.

4.3 Ж/же

The enclitic ж (after a vowel; же after a consonant or for emphasis) presents the content as something the hearer knows or should know, and so ranges from reminder to reproach: Шановні колеги, 36-а, я ж сказав (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u197.p2.lang1.s1) 'Dear colleagues, number 36, I did say so'; Ну, такого ж не буває (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u202.p7.lang1.s3) 'Well, that just doesn't happen'; Я окремо ставлю, я ж не зразу (ParlaMint-UA_2003-10-14-m0.u1.p13.lang1.s2) 'I'm putting it separately, I'm not doing it all at once, you see'. In questions it stresses the question word or seeks confirmation: У вас же немає заперечень? (ParlaMint-UA_2004-11-27-m0.u2.p7.lang1.s4) 'You have no objections, do you?'. After pronouns and adverbs it marks identity: той же 'the same', тут же 'right there', з тієї ж причини 'for the same reason' — here it is not a discourse marker but part of a fixed expression (UD fixed 7 in IU, 23 in ParlaMint). The rate in Brown-UK (1,563 per million) makes ж one of the commonest words of Ukrainian prose dialogue.

4.4 Таки

Таки (written with a hyphen after verbs and some particles: прийшов-таки, все-таки, так-таки, and separately elsewhere: він таки прийшов) says that the event happened despite doubt, resistance or delay, or insists on it: Давайте-таки проголосуємо зміни до бюджету (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u147.p5.lang1.s4) 'Let's do vote on the budget changes after all'; Пане Міністр, все ж таки перекладіть на цифри (NSDC_UA_28_Feb2014-97) 'Minister, still, put it into figures'. In ParlaMint 20 of 31 are the fixed все ж таки 'nevertheless'.

4.5 Хіба, невже

Хіба introduces a question whose expected answer is "no", or doubts what was said: Хіба ти не знаєш? 'Don't you know?' (= you surely know); Хіба що 'unless perhaps'. Невже expresses surprise and incredulity: Невже це правда? 'Can it really be true?'; alone, Невже? 'Really?'. Both are frequent in fiction (Brown-UK хіба 176 per million) and rare in news (19). Chapter 26 treats their question syntax.

4.6 Бо at the end, -но, -ко

Бо after an imperative or at the end of an utterance urges impatiently: Та йди бо! 'Go on, will you!'; Дай бо!. The enclitics -но and -ко soften or urge an imperative: Ходи-но сюди 'Come here, will you'; Скажи-ко 'Tell me, then'. These are colloquial and rural rather than urban; in the treebanks бо is a discourse particle only 4 times in IU (against 110 as mark).

4.7 Значить, отже, виходить, коротше

Значить (from the verb 'it means') draws a conclusion (Світло горить — значить, він удома 'The light is on, so he's home') and opens or organises a turn in speech: Значить, колеги, мова йде про 35 поправку (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u193.p2.lang1.s1) 'So, colleagues, we are talking about amendment 35'. It is old in the literary language — Simovych (1919, § 347) lists it among the parenthetical words of explanation and conclusion with an example from Shevchenko (Значить, пан у себе з причтом гуляв) — and the 2019 orthography includes it with виходить among the parenthetical connectives (§ 158, item 11, note 1 в). Отже is its bookish counterpart (chapter 36). Коротше 'in short' cuts a story short or closes a topic (Коротше, ми пішли); it is colloquial and youthful, and in surzhyk and Russian-influenced speech it appears as короче, кароче.

4.8 Типу, як би, ніби

Типу (genitive of тип 'type') is used colloquially as an approximator and quotative 'like, sort of': Він типу не знав 'He kind of didn't know'; А вона типу: «Я не винна» 'And she's like: "It's not my fault"'. It parallels Russian типа and English like; it is common among younger speakers and online, and normative advice treats it as slang; the standard hedges are ніби, наче, начебто, так би мовити. Most of the 2,184 типу in the news sample and 12 of the 16 in IU are the noun ('of the type'), so corpus counts of the marker need a parser. Як би as a hedge (Я як би не проти 'I'm sort of not against it') is a calque of Russian как бы and is criticised in normative writing; the native hedges are ніби, ніби як, начебто. The spelling distinguishes the hedge як би (two words) from the conjunction якби 'if' (chapter 24, § 6.3).

4.9 Verbs of perception and cognition: знаєте, розумієте, бачите, слухайте, дивіться

Second-person forms of знати, розуміти, бачити, слухати, дивитися work as contact markers; the plural or polite form dominates in public speech, the singular among friends. ParlaMint uses them to engage the chamber: Ви знаєте, це яскравий приклад (ParlaMint-UA_2003-10-14-m0.u68.p1.lang1.s2) 'You know, this is a striking example'; І зараз у нас, бачите, день відновлення справедливості (ParlaMint-UA_2014-03-04-m0.u64.p3.lang1.s3) 'And now we have, you see, a day of restored justice'; Ну, слухайте, і це не питання тільки до Міністерства освіти і науки (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u254.p1.lang1.s4) 'Well, listen, this isn't a question only for the Ministry of Education and Science'; Дивіться. (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u197.p9.lang1.s3) 'Look.' Розумієте often frames an objection or exasperation: Але за основу Верховна Рада не прийняла, ну, як ви не розумієте цього? (ParlaMint-UA_2004-11-27-m0.u123.p19.lang1.s3) 'But the Verkhovna Rada didn't adopt it as a basis — well, how can you not understand that?'. Simovych (1919, § 347, class 4) already listed бач, бачте, знаєте as parenthetical words that "draw someone's attention to something, or [mark] that something is self-evident", with examples from Shevchenko (Такі, бачте, люде), Franko and Fedkovych.

In UD Ukrainian these markers are verbs, attached as root or parataxis (ParlaMint знаєте: 22 root, 11 parataxis), not as discourse.

5. Answers, agreement and backchannels

5.1 Так, ні, да

The standard answer words are так 'yes' and ні 'no'. Так is also the speaker's "right, so" at the start of a turn: Так, йдемо тоді по правках (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u120.p12.lang1.s1) 'Right, let's go through the amendments, then'; and a confirmation-seeking tag: Так? (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u197.p1.lang1.s3); and part of the alternative Так чи ні? (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u112.p1.lang1.s5) 'Yes or no?'.

Да 'yes' is heard in everyday spoken Ukrainian beside так, especially in central, eastern and southern speech, and is written in transcripts of speech; the written standard uses так. ParlaMint has 18 да, as an answer (Да, бачу — ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u211.p3.lang1.s4 'Yes, I see'; Да! — ParlaMint-UA_2004-11-27-m0.u25.p1.lang2.s1), as an affirmation after a statement (Будемо, да — ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u99.p12.lang1.s2 'We will, yes'; Я за все буду голосувати, да — ParlaMint-UA_2004-11-27-m0.u123.p28.lang1.s3 'I'll vote for everything, yes') and, most characteristically, as a confirmation tag: Михайла Віталійовича немає, да? (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u116.p2.lang1.s1) 'Mykhailo Vitaliiovych isn't here, right?'; Є, да? (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u158.p6.lang1.s2) 'There is, right?'. Chapter 26 counts the tags: так? 7, да? 5, ні? 2 in ParlaMint. Hentschel (2023, hentschel-2023-surzhyk-lexicon) found the affirmative да "almost consistently" in place of так in his corpus of surzhyk (about 730,000 word forms recorded in eleven central oblasts and on the Black Sea coast), and notes that да also occurs in central Ukrainian dialects, which may have eased its adoption; surzhyk thus has the pair да – не (with не for 'no' instead of ні), as Belarusian–Russian trasjanka does. In the Ukrainian of folk texts да is also a conjunction 'and' (да як ударе 'and how he strikes', in tales quoted by Smerechynskyi 1932), a separate word.

5.2 Backchannels and agreement

In the written record of parliament the acknowledgements are formulaic: Добре 26, Гаразд 1, Дякую 372 (the closing word of most speeches, attached as a root verb), Спасибі 7.

6. Interjections

The treebanks tag few tokens as INTJ: IU 123, ParlaMint 45 (2026-11-06). IU's most frequent are так (27), ні (19), ой (9), о (6), йой (6), га (4), ну, е (3 each) and onomatopoeia (ма-у, дзяв); ParlaMint's are так (21), ні (7), да (7), спасибі (6). The written language has a wider set:

Interjections are set off by commas or end with an exclamation mark; ой at the start of a folk song line is unpunctuated (Ой у полі криниченька), and the song often uses it as a line opener with little emotional content (chapter 37).

7. Repairs and disfluency

Speech repairs itself on the fly. UD marks the abandoned part of a repair as reparandum, attached to the word that replaces it. ParlaMint, whose transcripts keep much of the spontaneity of the Rada's speech, has 91 reparandum (IU 1). Of these, 21 repeat the same lemma (a restart), 67 replace it by a different word (a correction), 3 are fragments (2026-11-06). The repaired words are nouns (36), verbs (25), adjectives (10), prepositions (5) and pronouns (6). Examples:

• restart: Зі всіма цими пропозиціями ми можемо ставити проект ставити на голосування? (ParlaMint-UA_2014-03-04-m0.u114.p3.lang1.s3) 'With all these proposals can we put the draft put to the vote?';
• interrupted restart around an apposition: Комісія має, регуляторний орган, має почати працювати (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u37.p3.lang1.s2) 'The commission must, the regulator, must start working';
• correction with a marker: Такі закони, вони є не, знаєте, неґрунтовні і… (ParlaMint-UA_2022-01-25-m0.u262.p1.lang1.s6) 'Such laws, they are not, you know, ungrounded and…' — не is abandoned for the prefixed неґрунтовні, and знаєте fills the search;
• a change of construction: По першому питанню щодо суцільні перевірки чи вибіркові? (ParlaMint-UA_2003-10-14-m0.u139.p2.lang1.s1) 'On the first question, regarding — full inspections or selective ones?'.

Repair markers are тобто 'that is', вірніше, точніше 'more precisely', ну and the filler е-е, ем. Transcripts usually drop the fillers. The UD ParlaMint documentation records a further reason the data look as they do: its makers chose transcripts from 2003–2022 because earlier ones show partial grammatical correction and later ones "excessive normalization" by speech-to-text tools, such as replacing the vernacular щас with зараз 'now'; they also removed passages of Ukrainian–Russian code switching and sentences in Russian (UD_Ukrainian-ParlaMint README, 2.18). Shvedova, Lukashevskyi and Rysin (2025, shvedova-2025-developing-universal-dependencies-treebank-ukrainian) describe the treebank as capturing "not only official rhetoric but also features of colloquial spoken language", and name the exclusion of code-switched transcripts as a limit of the resource for the study of bilingualism.

8. Parenthetical words: the codified classes

The 2019 orthography (ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019, § 158, item 11, note 1) sets parenthetical words off with commas and classifies them by what they express, in seven classes (а–е): The classes double as an inventory of written discourse markers:

Simovych's classification a century earlier (1919, § 347) is close but organised by the speaker's intention: words that mark (1) the speaker's own opinion (на мою думку, по-моєму), (2) doubt (здається, бачиться, либонь, мабуть, може, певно), (3) assurance and oaths (правду сказати, їй-богу, далебі, бігме), (4) attention to something or its self-evidence (бач, бачте, знаєте, видно), (5) explanation and conclusion (виходить, значить, знай), (6) apology and request (не вам кажучи, шкода, будь ласка, хвалити Бога), (7) others (на жаль, на щастя, нарешті, сказати б, принаймні, бодай, звичайно, справді), with the reported-speech words каже, кажуть, мовляв treated first. Most of his examples are alive today; бачиться 'it seems' and знай 'you know' have become dialectal or archaic.

The orthography's list shows the standard following usage: it codifies значить, виходить, було (бувало) and the contact verbs знаєш, розумієш, слухай, уяви — markers of conversation — as parenthetical words with fixed punctuation, and does not list типу, як би, коротше or короче, which remain outside the codified written norm (§ 10). Class е) is the codified form of the contact markers of § 4.9; class д) of the attribution markers of chapter 36, § 9.

9. The shape of a dialogue

Parliamentary dialogue has its own formulas: Шановні колеги!, Слово надається… 'The floor is given to…', Будь ласка (inviting a speaker, 240 times in ParlaMint per chapter 31), Дякую (closing a speech), and the chair's turn-taking Так, Добре, Гаразд, Наступна поправка.

Online dialogue. Korotenko and Kyslyi (2026, korotenko-2026-two-axis-framework-analyzing-ukrainian) annotated 1,371 replies in Ukrainian political discussions on Telegram (a large public chat) and on the Ukrainska Pravda forum, each with the nine preceding replies of its reply chain as context, on two axes: relational conduct (respect and tone, engagement, conflict management) and substantive contribution (reasoning, informativeness, continuity of the dialogue). They found that collapsing the six sub-scores into these two axes raised the agreement between expert annotators, and that treating the scores as ordinal predicted the experts' judgements better than binary or continuous labels. For discourse markers the point is that the same marker can serve either axis: a слухайте can open a reasoned objection or a dismissal, and only the context of the chain decides.

10. Varieties, generations and surzhyk as deltas

Each variety or style is listed only by what it changes in the discourse markers of the literary standard.

Two of these deltas are measured above: да in parliamentary speech (18 in ParlaMint, 2 in IU) and in surzhyk (consistent, Hentschel 2023); and the spread of окей/ок in 2024 news (14 per million) against older mixed prose (4.8). Hentschel's lexical study also gives a measure of how far a surzhyk marker can go: the hyperlexeme теж/тоже 'also' has the Ukrainian form in only 4.6% of its occurrences in mixed utterances, and треба/надо 'must' the Ukrainian треба in 25% against Russian надо in 72% — so a surzhyk speaker's тоже and надо are the norm of the variety, not slips.

11. Quick reference: discourse markers in UD

12. How Mova handles it

Mova's pragmatics — sentence labels (form, act, hedge, polarity), cue lists, the dialogue layer — reads English only (chapter 30, § 11): the hedge and politeness cues in prag/data/cues.tsv and the features in prag/src/feats.rs are English words on English trees, the politeness strategies of world/src/talk.rs match English strings, and the label schema prag/src/schema.rs has no field for discourse markers. No Ukrainian text reaches them: no Ukrainian model in mova-parse, and langseg has a Latin-script table only.

The Ukrainian fact extractor kg (kg/src/uk.rs, kg — the Mova knowledge graph) keeps a marker that VESUM tags as a particle as a particle member and one tagged as an adverb as an adverbial member, without interpreting either; it rejects every sentence with a comma (so every parenthetical marker set off by commas and every vocative), every question, every one-word reply that is not a predicate, and every sentence with a word of its conjunction list (бо, як, ніби …).

Measured on 2026-11-06 (kg parse, CPU, worktree commit ac9a23149, VESUM, empty name list):

12.1 Not yet

• No Ukrainian discourse-marker lexicon and no function labels (turn, stance, hedge, contact, response).
• No reading of answers and backchannels; one-word replies are rejected.
• No separation of a marker from its homonym: типу (noun), коротше (comparative), так (adverb, answer, opener), бо (conjunction, particle).
• No dialogue structure: no turns, speakers or reply chains for Ukrainian; no use of ParlaMint's reparandum for repair.
• No Ukrainian pragmatic labels at all (chapter 30, § 11.3).

13. Sources

• Simovych, Vasyl. 1919. Граматика української мови для самонавчання та в допомогу шкільній науці. § 347 (parenthetical words and their classes, with examples from Shevchenko, Franko, Kotliarevskyi, Nechui-Levytskyi, Fedkovych). simovych-1919-hramatyka-ukrainskoi-movy-dlia (public domain)
• Smerechynskyi, Serhii. 1932. Нариси з української синтакси. Folk texts with да 'and'. smerechynskyi-1932-narysy-z-ukrainskoi-syntaksy (public domain in UA/EU)
• Український правопис. 2019. § 158, item 11, notes 1–2 (parenthetical words, their classes and commas). ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019 (official text, not under copyright)
• Hentschel, Gerd. 2023. Ukrainian and Russian in the lexicon of Ukrainian Suržyk: reduced variation and stabilisation in central Ukraine and on the Black Sea coast. Russian Linguistics 48(1). hentschel-2023-surzhyk-lexicon (CC BY 4.0)
• Korotenko, Artem and Roman Kyslyi. 2026. A Two-Axis Framework for Analyzing Ukrainian Dialogues. UNLP 2026. korotenko-2026-two-axis-framework-analyzing-ukrainian (CC BY 4.0)
• Shvedova, Maria, Arsenii Lukashevskyi and Andriy Rysin. 2025. Developing a Universal Dependencies Treebank for Ukrainian Parliamentary Speech. UNLP 2025. shvedova-2025-developing-universal-dependencies-treebank-ukrainian (CC BY 4.0)
• Universal Dependencies 2.18: UD_Ukrainian-ParlaMint (CC BY-SA 4.0; quoted by sent_id; README on the choice of transcripts), UD_Ukrainian-IU (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; counts only); counted 2026-11-06, all splits.
• Leipzig Corpora Collection, ukr_news_2024 (CC BY) and Brown-UK (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; counts only), uk; counted with grep -oiw 2026-11-06.
• Mova: kg/src/uk.rs, kg — the Mova knowledge graph, prag/src/schema.rs, prag/src/feats.rs, prag/data/cues.tsv, world/src/talk.rs, mova-parse.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/uk/38-dialogue-and-discourse-markers/