MovaSources: chapters 00–19
The manual is written in our own words. The works below are where its facts were checked. Public-domain grammars, the official orthographies and open-access papers are the base; works under share-alike terms are paraphrased and quoted minimally; works under non-commercial or no-derivatives terms inform the text and are never quoted. Each work has a card on Elamur Research under its slug. The chapters that cite a work are listed after it.
A note on the journal Українська мова. The library cards of the papers from Українська мова (Institute of the Ukrainian Language) give CC BY 4.0, but several of the articles print CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 in their own text (checked in Horodenska 2023, Kotsa 2023, Kotsa 2026, Kolibaba 2023, Puriaieva 2023, Sokolova 2023, Yefymenko 2023, Hordiienko 2024, Horodenska 2025). Until the cards are corrected, every paper of that journal is treated in this manual as NC-ND: its findings are stated in our own words and nothing is quoted from it.
Orthographies (official documents)
Official documents are not protected by copyright under Ukrainian law (the 2022 Law on copyright and related rights, the article on works not protected; the earlier law No. 3792-XII, art. 10).
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
Український правопис (2019), approved by Cabinet of Ministers resolution No. 437 of 22 May 2019; library books/u/uk/ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019; archive.org/details/6032727-Ukr-Pravopys-2019 | uk-gram-pravopys-2019 | official document | 0, 1–19 |
| Український правопис (1928, the "Kharkiv" orthography) | uk-gram-pravopys-1928 | official document | 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 19 |
| Український правопис, draft (1926) | uk-gram-pravopys-1926-proiekt | official document | 5, 6 |
| Український правопис (1945) | uk-gram-pravopys-1945 | official document | 5, 6 |
| Український правопис 1933, 1960, 1990, 1993 (cards only, no text held) | uk-gram-pravopys-1933, uk-gram-pravopys-1960, uk-gram-pravopys-1990, uk-gram-pravopys-1993 | official documents | 6 (table of orthographies) |
| Cabinet of Ministers resolution No. 55 of 27 January 2010 (national transliteration) — not in the library; table checked against secondary copies | — | official document | 5 §9.1 |
| ISO 9:1995 — known from its card only | — | standard, not open | 5 §9.2 |
Grammars and older texts (public domain)
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
Vasyl' Simovych, Hramatyka ukrajins'koji movy dlja samonavčannja ta v dopomohu škil'nij nauci (Kyiv–Leipzig 1919); library books/s/si/simovych-1919-hramatyka-ukrainskoi-movy-dlia | uk-gram-simovych-1919 | public domain (author d. 1944) | 0, 1–3, 5, 6, 8–18 |
Stephan Smal-Stockyj, Ruthenische Grammatik (Berlin–Leipzig: Göschen, 1913); library books/s/st/stockyj-1913-ruthenische-grammatik; archive.org/details/ruthenischegramm00smaluoft | uk-gram-smal-stockyj-1913 | public domain (author d. 1938) | 0–5, 9–18 |
Oleksa Syniavskyi, Poradnyk ukrajins'koji movy (Kyiv–Leipzig 1922); library books/s/sy/syniavskyi-1922-poradnyk-ukrainskoi-movy-praktychnyi | uk-gram-syniavskyi-poradnyk-1922 | public domain (author d. 1937) | 13, 15 |
Ivan Nechui-Levytskyi, Hramatyka ukrajins'koji movy, parts 1–2 (Kyiv 1913–1914); library books/l/le/levytskyi-1913-hramatyka-ukrainskoi-movy-ch | uk-gram-nechui-levytskyi-1914 | public domain (author d. 1918) | 8, 9 |
Ahatanhel Krymskyi, Ukrainskaja grammatika (Moscow 1907–1908); library books/k/kr/krymskyi-1907-ukraynskaia-hrammatyka-dlia-uchenykov | uk-gram-krymskyi-1907 | public domain (author d. 1942) | 0, 8, 9 |
Mykhailo Vozniak, Hramatyka Lavrentija Zyzanija z 1596 r. (1911); library books/v/vo/vozniak-1911-hramatyka-lavrentiia-zyzaniia-z | uk-gram-vozniak-1911-zyzanii | public domain (author d. 1954; Zyzanii's grammar of 1596 itself PD) | 0, 9 |
Myxajlo Osadca, Hramatyka ruskoho jazyka (1862; 2nd ed. 1864); library books/o/os/osadtsa-1862-hramatyka-ruskoho-yazyka | uk-gram-osadca-1864 | public domain (OCR poor; cited for its title only) | 9 |
| Litopys Samovydcja, ed. O. Levytskyi (1878) | classics-uk-litopys-samovydtsia | public domain | 9 |
| Stepan Rudnytskyi, Ukraine, the Land and Its People (1918) | classics-hist-rudnytskyi-ukraine-land-people | public domain | 8 |
| Kotliarevskyi, Eneida (1798); Shevchenko, Zapovit (1845); Chubynskyi, the anthem text (1862; official text 2003) — short lines, modern spelling | — | public domain | 9 |
Held but not cited in these chapters: Simovych 1918 (uk-gram-simovych-1918-praktychna), M. Levytskyi 1923 (uk-gram-levytskyi-m-1923), Tymchenko 1917–1918 (uk-gram-tymchenko-1917-1918), Smerechynskyi 1932 (uk-gram-smerechynskyi-1932, syntax: for chapters 20–29); cards only: Smal-Stockyj & Gartner 1913 (uk-gram-smal-stockyj-gartner-1913), Y. Levytskyi 1834 (uk-gram-levytskyi-1834).
Research: the standard, the orthography and lexicography
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| K. H. Horodenska, Pryncypy i metodolohija «Ukrajins'koho pravopysu», Ukrajins'ka mova 2023/1 | horodenska-2023-pryntsypy-pravopysu | NC-ND (see the note above) | 5, 6 |
| R. O. Kotsa, Pro zminy i dopovnennja do pravopysu častyn osnovy slova, Ukrajins'ka mova 2023/1 | kotsa-2023-chastyny-osnovy | NC-ND | 5, 6 |
| L. M. Kolibaba, Zminy v unormuvanni zakinčen' vidminjuvanyx sliv v «Ukrajins'komu pravopysi» 2019 roku, Ukrajins'ka mova 2023/1 | kolibaba-2023-zakinchennia-pravopys | NC-ND | 6, 11, 12 |
| N. V. Puriaieva, Problemy pravopysu prefiksiv i sufiksiv v «Ukrajins'komu pravopysi» 2019 roku, Ukrajins'ka mova 2023/2 | puriaieva-2023-prefiksy-sufiksy | NC-ND | 6, 16, 17 |
| S. O. Sokolova, Pravopys sliv razom, iz defisom, okremo…, Ukrajins'ka mova 2023/3 | sokolova-2023-razom-defis-okremo | NC-ND | 6, 18 |
| I. V. Yefymenko, proper names in the 2019 Pravopys, Ukrajins'ka mova 2023/3 | yefymenko-2023-vlasni-nazvy | NC-ND | 6 |
| O. Je. Hordiienko, Fonetyko-hrafične osvojennja ta pravopys novitnix zapozyčen'…, Ukrajins'ka mova 2024/4 | hordiienko-2024-novitni-zapozychennia | NC-ND | 1, 2, 6, 19 |
| K. H. Horodenska, Perevnormuvannja u slovotvorenni ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy, Ukrajins'ka mova 2025/2 | horodenska-2025-perevnormuvannia | NC-ND | 16, 17 |
| O. V. Bas-Kononenko, Vymovni normy jak mirylo mylozvučnosti ukrajins'koji movy (na materiali orfoepičnyx slovnykiv), Ukrajins'ka mova 2019/1 | bas-2019-kononenko-orfoepichni-normy | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 1–4 |
| M. O. Shvedova, Hramatyčne osvojennja zapozyčenyx imennykiv iz kincevym -o…, Ukrajins'ka mova 2020/2 | shvedova-2020-zapozycheni-na-o | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 11 |
| R. O. Kotsa, Ukrajins'ki zajmennyky žaden i žoden u slov'jans'komu konteksti, Ukrajins'ka mova 2026/1 | kotsa-2026-zhaden-zhoden | NC-ND | 12 |
| O. Ja. Lavrinets, Spivvidnošennja miž syntaksyčnymy konstrukcijamy iz predykatyvnymy pasyvnymy dijeprykmetnykamy i formamy na -no, -to…, Ukrajins'ka mova 2025/4 (findings taken from the library summary; the text extraction is mis-encoded) | lavrinets-2025-no-to | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 13 |
| A. O. Kolesnykov, Morfolohijna paradyhma v konteksti dialektnoji hramatyky, Ukrajins'ka mova 2025/1 | kolesnykov-2025-dialektna-hramatyka | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 8 |
| P. Hrytsenko, H. Kobyrynka & M. Tkačuk, Baza danyx ZSLA, Ukrajins'ka mova 2019/4 | hrytsenko-2019-zsla-database | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 8 |
| A. Danylenko & H. Naienko, Movne rosijščennja v pidrosijs'kij Ukrajini, Ukrajins'ka mova 2022/1 | danylenko-2022-rosishchennia | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 8, 9 |
| N. Puriaieva, R. Kotsa & B. Babenchuk, Studiji z istoryčnoji linhvistyky v IUM NANU, Ukrajins'ka mova 2022/1 | puriaieva-2022-istorychna-linhvistyka | card CC BY 4.0; treated as NC-ND | 9 |
| Z. H. Kozyrieva, Do pytannja modeljuvannja imennyka v «Slovnyku ukrajins'koji movy» v 4 t., Leksykohrafičnyj bjuleten' 32, 2023 | kozyrieva-2023-model-imennyka-asum | CC BY 4.0 | 11 (dictionary conventions only) |
| Larysa Kysliuk, Nova leksyka vojennoho času, Leksykohrafičnyj bjuleten' 33, 2024 | kysliuk-2024-voienna-leksyka | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| I. I. Braha, Sociolinhval'ni javyšča v ukrajins'kyx slovnykax (2024) | braha-2024-sotsiolinhvalni-slovnyky | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| Tetiana Tsymbaliuk-Skopnenko, Frazeohrafuvannja v akademičnomu tlumačnomu slovnykarstvi (2022) | tsymbaliuk-2022-frazeohrafuvannia | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
| Tetiana Tsymbaliuk-Skopnenko, Pozaslovnykova leksyka j frazemika klasyčnoji literatury, Movoznavstvo 2026/1 | tsymbaliuk-2026-pozaslovnykova-leksyka | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 19 |
| Oleksandr Taranenko, Novi tendenciji v poširenni rosijs'kyx elementiv…, Movoznavstvo 2019/2–3 | taranenko-2019-rosiiski-elementy | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 19 |
| Oleksandr Taranenko, Rosijs'ko-ukrajins'ka vijna i ukrajins'ka mova, Movoznavstvo 2023/3–4 | taranenko-2023-viina-i-mova | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 8, 19 |
| A. M. Arkhanhelska, Linhvistyčni j texnolohični zasady leksykohrafuvannja feminatyviv, Movoznavstvo 2022/5 | arkhanhelska-2022-feminatyvy-leksykohrafiia | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 17 |
| Olena Synchak & Vasyl Starko, Ukrainian feminine personal nouns in online dictionaries and corpora (COLINS 2022) | synchak-2022-feminine-dictionaries | CC BY 4.0 | 17 |
| Olena Synchak, Military feminine personal nouns: a corpus-based update… (eLex 2023) | synchak-2023-military-feminine | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 17 |
| Vasyl Starko & Andriy Rysin, An electronic Ukrainian dictionary as a derussification tool (eLex 2025) | starko-2025-dictionary-derussification | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 8, 9, 19 |
Cards only, not read: Dydyk-Meush 2019 (dydyk-2019-meush-kombinatornyi-slovnyk), Trub 2021 (trub-2021-slovnyk-spoluchuvanosti) | — | CC BY 4.0 | 19 |
Research: varieties, surzhyk and contact
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gerd Hentschel, Ukrainian and Russian in the lexicon of Ukrainian Suržyk, Russian Linguistics 48(1), 2023 | hentschel-2023-surzhyk-lexicon | CC BY 4.0 | 8, 19 |
| Gerd Hentschel & Olesya Palinska, Restructuring in a mesolect: the infinitive in Suržyk, Cognitive Studies 22, 2022 | hentschel-2022-mesolect-infinitive | CC BY 4.0 | 8 |
| Gerd Hentschel & Olesya Palinska, The linguistic situation on the Ukrainian Black Sea coast, Russian Linguistics 46(3), 2022 | hentschel-2022-black-sea-surzhyk | CC BY 4.0 | 8 |
| Gerd Hentschel & Oleksandr Taranenko, Dvomovnist' čy trykodovist'?, Movoznavstvo 2022/1 | hentschel-2022-tricodalism-uk | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | 8 |
| Jan Fellerer, Subject pro-drop and past-tense auxiliary clitics in South-Western Ukrainian, Russian Linguistics 46(3), 2022 | fellerer-2022-pro-drop-sw | CC BY 4.0 | 8, 12, 13 |
| Mehdi Lahjouji-Seppälä, Achim Rabus & Ruprecht von Waldenfels, Ukrainian standard variants: a stylometric approach, Russian Linguistics 46(3), 2022 | lahjouji-2022-standard-variants | CC BY 4.0 | 8 |
| Maria Shvedova & Ruprecht von Waldenfels, Regional annotation within GRAC (COLINS 2021) | shvedova-2021-grac-regional | CC BY 4.0 | 8 |
| Olha Kanishcheva et al., The Parliamentary Code-Switching Corpus (UNLP 2023) | kanishcheva-2023-parliament-code-switching | CC BY 4.0 | 8 |
| Achim Rabus & Yves Scherrer, Lexicon induction for spoken Rusyn (BSNLP 2017) | rabus-2017-lexicon-induction-spoken-rusyn-challenges | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 8 |
| Maria Shvedova, Nataliia Prydvorova & Ilona Skibina, Normalization of Early Modern Ukrainian texts: Lesia Ukrainka (COLINS 2022) | shvedova-2022-lesia-ukrainka-normalization | CC BY 4.0 | 9 |
Card only, arXiv licence: Sira, Di Nunzio & Nosilia 2019, automatic recognition of surzhyk (sira-2019-surzhyk-recognition) | — | not open: informs, not quoted | — |
Research: morphology, word formation, stress and NLP
| work | slug | licence | cited in |
|---|---|---|---|
Anastasiia Senyk, Mykhailo Lukianchuk, Valentyna Robeiko & Yurii Paniv, Context-aware lexical stress prediction and phonemization for Ukrainian TTS systems (UNLP 2025) (also carded as senyk-2025-stress-phonemization) | senyk-2025-context-aware-lexical-stress-prediction | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 1, 3, 4, 5, 14 |
| Laura A. Janda & Yuliia Palii, Understanding 'many' through the lens of Ukrainian багато, Russian Linguistics 48(1), 2024 | janda-2024-bahato-many | CC BY 4.0 | 12 |
| Bogdan Babych, Unsupervised induction of Ukrainian morphological paradigms for the new lexicon (BSNLP 2019) | babych-2019-unsupervised-induction-ukrainian-morphological-paradigms | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 10, 11, 13 |
| Mariia Melymuka, Gabriella Lapesa, Max Kisselew & Sebastian Padó, Modeling derivational morphology in Ukrainian (IWCS 2017) | melymuka-2017-modeling-derivational-morphology-ukrainian | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 16, 17 |
Maria Shvedova, Arsenii Lukashevskyi & Andriy Rysin, Developing a Universal Dependencies treebank for Ukrainian parliamentary speech (2025) (also carded as shvedova-2025-ud-parliament) | shvedova-2025-developing-universal-dependencies-treebank-ukrainian | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 0, 7, 8, 10, 13 |
Oleksiy Syvokon, Olena Nahorna, Pavlo Kuchmiichuk & Nastasiia Osidach, UA-GEC: grammatical error correction and fluency corpus for the Ukrainian language (UNLP 2023) (also carded as syvokon-2023-ua-gec) | syvokon-2023-ua-gec-grammatical-error-correction | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 6, 19 |
Hanna Sytar, Maria Shvedova & Olha Kanishcheva, Ukrainian multiword expressions corpus: creation, annotation and linguistic analysis (MWE 2026) (also carded as sytar-2026-mwe-corpus) | sytar-2026-ukrainian-multiword-expressions-corpus-creation | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 19 |
| Yaryna Petruniv, Iuliia Makogon & Roman Kyslyi, SimIdioms: a corpus and benchmark for Ukrainian idioms (UNLP 2026) | petruniv-2026-simidioms-corpus-benchmark-ukrainian-idiom | CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology) | 19 |
| Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher Manning, Joakim Nivre & Daniel Zeman, Universal Dependencies, Computational Linguistics 47(2), 2021 | demarneffe-2021 | CC BY 4.0 | 0, How Mova handles it |
| Dirk Goldhahn, Thomas Eckart & Uwe Quasthoff, Building large monolingual dictionaries at the Leipzig Corpora Collection (LREC 2012) | — | paper ELRA; the data CC BY | 0, counts throughout |
Read but not cited: Samoilova 2021 (samoilova-2021-parametrychni-imennyky).
Data (the counts and the examples)
All counts were made on 2026-11-06.
| resource | licence | use here |
|---|---|---|
| UD Ukrainian-ParlaMint 2.18, UD_Ukrainian-ParlaMint (train 5 611 sentences, dev 739, test 792) | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counts; a few short sentences quoted with sent_id |
UD Ukrainian-IU 2.18, …/UD_Ukrainian-IU/ (train 5 521, dev 673, test 898) | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | counts only; no sentence quoted |
VESUM / dict_uk 6.8.6 (Rysin & Starko), dict_corp_vis.txt.bz2, uk-vesum-dict-uk | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (software GPL) | counts of lemmas and tags only |
| Brown-UK (Starko & Rysin), brown-uk (1 396 documents, 1.04 M words) | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | counts only (17, 18) |
| Leipzig Corpora Collection ukr_news_2024, ukr_newscrawl_2018, ukr_wikipedia_2021 (1 M sentences each), leipzig-* | CC BY (the Wikipedia sample: learning and tests only) | counts of variants, letters, characters; no sentence quoted |
| Ukrainian Wiktionary, raw dump of 2026-09-01, ukwiktionary | CC BY-SA | counts only (stress marks, noun stress types) (3) |
Mova
| file | what it is | cited in |
|---|---|---|
en/src/main.rs (xpos_fill, xpos_of, tok_eval, tag_eval, parse_eval) | the tag mapping and the evaluations behind the baselines | 0, 7, 10 and every "How Mova" section |
en/src/tok.rs | the tokenizer | 7 |
kg/src/uk.rs, kg/src/morph.rs, kg/src/gram.rs, kg/src/textgen.rs, kg — the Mova knowledge graph, kg/examples/ | Mova's Ukrainian: VESUM morphology, grammar code, simple-sentence parser, generator | 0, 4, 10–19 |
tools/wikt-count | Wiktionary counts (uk mode) | 0, 3 |
| What every language gets | the baselines of the other languages | 0 |
The Elamur team
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/uk/sources-00-19/