🗣️ 15. Adjectives and adverbs

The Ukrainian adjective agrees with its noun in gender (in the singular), number and case, and in the accusative with its animacy: нови́й дім 'a new house', нова́ ха́та, нове́ село́, нові́ дома́; ба́чу нови́й дім but ба́чу ново́го сусі́да 'I see the new neighbour'. It declines in one of two groups, hard and soft, which differ only in the quality of the final stem consonant. Qualitative adjectives compare, synthetically (нові́ший, найнові́ший) and, less often, analytically (більш нови́й). Alongside the full forms, a small closed set of short forms survives (пове́н, ви́нен, рад, зеле́н), as do uncontracted long forms (зеленая, синєє) in songs and poetry. A separate class of possessive adjectives in -ів, -ин (ба́тьків 'father's', ма́мин 'mum's') marks a single possessor. Adverbs are formed mainly from adjectives in -о and -е, compare like them (шви́дше, найшви́дше, якнайшви́дше), and a group of uninflected words, the predicatives (треба, можна, шкода, холодно), serve as predicates of impersonal clauses.

This chapter covers the classes of adjectives (§1), the declension (§2), the short and the uncontracted forms (§3), possessive adjectives (§4), participial adjectives (§5), comparison (§6), intensifying and diminutive forms (§7), adverbs and their formation (§8), comparison of adverbs (§9), predicatives (§10); §11 says how Mova handles them. Adjective formation by suffix is in 17. Derivation: suffixes, compound adjectives and their spelling in 18. Compounding, conversion and minor processes and 6. Spelling rules and the 2019 orthography, agreement and attribute position in 22. Phrases.

Counts are from UD Ukrainian 2.18 (IU and ParlaMint, train + dev + test), from VESUM (dict_corp_vis.txt.bz2, release 6.8.6) and from the Leipzig ukr_news_2024 sample, made on 2026-11-06. IU and VESUM are under non-commercial licences, so only counts are given from them; examples are constructed or taken from the official orthography and the public-domain grammars.

1. Classes of adjectives

Ukrainian grammar divides adjectives by meaning into three classes, which differ in their morphology:

The boundary moves: relative adjectives become qualitative in figurative use (залі́зна во́ля 'iron will' → ще залізніша воля), and possessives in -ячий (теля́чий, ли́сячий) often become relative ('veal', 'fox-fur').

In UD Ukrainian, adjectives are a large class: 12 065 ADJ tokens in IU and 10 916 in ParlaMint (2026-11-06), 13% and 12% of all words. Of these, 853 and 835 are ordinal numerals (NumType=Ord: перший, другий; 12. Pronouns, determiners and numerals), 1 320 and 994 are participles (VerbForm=Part; §5), and 571 tokens in IU are indeclinable (Uninflect=Yes: borrowed colour and style words such as беж, хакі, міні). UD records Degree only for adjectives that can compare: IU marks 3 027 positive, 198 comparative and 185 superlative tokens; ParlaMint 2 491, 84 and 52.

2. Declension

2.1 Hard and soft groups

The hard group (stems on a hard consonant; nominative masculine -ий) is by far the larger. It includes qualitative and relative adjectives (га́рний, нови́й, дерев'я́ний, украї́нський), stems on hushing consonants (сві́жий, тво́рчий, теля́чий, тяму́щий), and the possessives in -ів, -ин outside the nominative (Pravopys 2019 §101).

The soft group (stems on a soft н; nominative masculine -ій, after a vowel -їй) is a closed set of a few hundred relative adjectives (Pravopys 2019 §102):

• adjectives in -ній of time and place: бу́дній, ве́рхній, вечі́рній, да́вній, за́дній, зи́мній, лі́тній, майбу́тній, оста́нній, пере́дній, пі́зній, ра́нній, сере́дній, сусі́дній, ха́тній, also си́ній 'blue', могу́тній, му́жній, прису́тній, худо́жній;
• all adjectives in -жній, -шній derived from adverbs: бли́жній, вну́трішній, вчора́шній, дома́шній, за́втрашній, зо́внішній, коли́шній, ни́нішній, сього́днішній, спра́вжній, торі́шній, туте́шній;
• stems in -й: безкра́їй 'boundless', довгові́їй 'long-lashed', короткоши́їй;
• бра́тній, о́рлій (with a nuance of possession).

Several pairs differ in meaning or spelling only by the group: дру́жній 'friendly, joint' vs дру́жний 'harmonious, unanimous'; само́тній 'lonely' (soft) vs самі́тний (hard); цьогорі́чний (hard) beside торі́шній (soft). VESUM (2026-11-06) has 104 678 adjective lemmas in -ий and 620 in -ій/-їй: the soft group is 0.6% of the lexicon, and it does not grow, since new adjectives are formed with hard suffixes (-ний, -ський, -ичний).

2.2 Paradigms

Pravopys 2019 §103 gives the paradigms:

Points to note:

• No vocative form. The adjective in an address takes the nominative form: Дорогий друже! 'Dear friend!', Шановна пані! The noun alone has a vocative (11. Nouns). In songs an uncontracted long form can serve here (Ой ти, зелений гаю…; §3.2).
• Accusative = nominative or genitive. In the masculine singular and in the plural the accusative takes the genitive form with animate nouns (бачу доброго лікаря, добрих лікарів) and the nominative with inanimate ones (бачу добрий дім, добрі доми). The feminine and neuter singular have their own forms.
• The locative masculine and neuter has two endings, -ому and -ім (у гарному / гарнім місті; на синьому / синім морі). -ому is the neutral one; -ім is older and frequent in poetry and songs, and survives in pronouns and determiners (у тім, у цім, на нашім). In UD (2026-11-06) masculine and neuter locative singular adjectives and determiners end in -ому 442 times and in -ім/-їм 17 times in IU (mostly the determiners тім, цім, нашім, своїм), 426 times and 0 times in ParlaMint.
• Soft group spelling. ь appears before о: синього, синьому, синьою.

2.3 Substantivized adjectives

Adjectives used as nouns decline as adjectives: будівни́чий 'builder', черго́вий 'person on duty', лю́тий 'February', вартови́й 'sentry', подоро́жній 'traveller', на́бережна 'embankment' (Pravopys 2019 §103 Note 1: до будівни́чого, з будівни́чими; Сьогодні п'яте лю́того). Women's surnames in -ська, -цька and men's in -ський, -цький (Коцюби́нський, Коцюби́нська) also decline as adjectives.

3. Short and uncontracted forms

3.1 Short (nominal) forms

Common Slavonic had two adjective declensions, a short "nominal" one and a long "pronominal" one (*novъ and *novъjь). Ukrainian has kept only remnants of the short forms, fewer than Russian. Simovych (1919 §201) lists them in three groups:

1. Predicative adjectives used only (or chiefly) as predicates: рад 'glad' (рад тебе бачити), ви́нен 'guilty; owing' (Він ви́нен мені гроші), пови́нен 'obliged' (Ти пови́нен це зробити), го́ден 'fit, able', ла́ден 'ready, willing' (ла́ден побожитися), варт 'worth' (Не варт вона того жалю!, Shevchenko), зго́ден 'agreeing', зда́тен 'capable', пе́вен 'certain', потрі́бен 'needed', пове́н 'full'. Most of these have feminine and plural full forms only (повинна, повинні; згодна, згодні): the short form exists in the masculine nominative singular.
2. Poetic and folk short forms that alternate freely with full ones: сив сокіл 'grey falcon', зелен явір 'green sycamore', ворон кінь 'black horse', молод козак, дробен дощик 'fine rain', ясен місяць 'bright moon' (Simovych 1919, folk-song examples: Ой, не зійде дробен дощик без тучі, без грому; Ой, зійди, зійди, ясен місяцю!). Simovych says they "are found above all in poetry" and that "in this group one can always use both forms": стар / старий, зелен / зелений, здоров / здоровий, сив / сивий, молод / молодий, щаслив / щасливий, готов / готовий. Today здоров lives on in the greeting Здоров був! 'Hello!' (lit. 'be healthy'), жив-здоров 'alive and well', and Будь здоров!
3. Pronominal doublets: ко́жен / ко́жний 'each', жо́ден / жо́дний, жа́ден / жа́дний 'no, none' (12), всяк / вся́кий.

VESUM (2026-11-06) tags 125 adjective forms as short; its list of short nominative forms runs to 64 words (безвинен, благословен, блажен, варт, винен, владен, годен, дивен, достоїн, жаден, жив, жоден, згоден, здатен, здоров, зелен, кожен, ладен, молод, певен, повен, повинен, потрібен, прекрасен, рад, рівен, свят, силен, славен, спроможен, срібен, чорен, ясен…), most of them poetic or Church Slavonic. In the treebanks (UD Variant=Short, 2026-11-06) the living ones are the predicatives and the determiners: кожен 44 (as DET and PRON), повинен 27, потрібен 9, жоден 7, згоден 6, здатен 4, годен 2, винен 2, ладен 1, всяк 1.

The short forms show a fleeting vowel е (повен — повна, винен — винна, згоден — згодна).

3.2 Uncontracted long forms

Old Ukrainian, like the other Slavonic languages, had long pronominal endings -ая, -оє/-еє, -ії (зеленая, зеленеє, зеленії), which in the modern language have contracted to -а, -е, -і (зелена, зелене, зелені). The uncontracted forms are one of the clearest markers of the song style (пісенний стиль): Червоная ружа трояка; святії мученики (Shevchenko); Темнії луженьки ясненьким соколоньком перелети (a duma) (Simovych 1919 §201, with examples from Shevchenko, Hlibov, Starytskyi). They give an extra syllable where the metre needs it, and they carry a folk and archaic colour without any sense of error. In ordinary prose they are not used.

VESUM tags 14 217 adjective forms as long (uncontracted), so that any adjective can, in principle, be found in its song form; it lists for зелений the forms зеленая, зеленеє, зеленії, also as vocatives (зеленая, зеленеє). UD (Variant=Uncontr, 2026-11-06) has 5 such tokens, all in IU: бідная, дорогая (twice), Красную, грішнії. The register is treated in 37. Register and variation.

4. Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives name a single, individual possessor, a person or an animal, and are formed from nouns (Smal-Stockyj 1913, suffix list; Simovych 1919 §§179, 201):

The nominative masculine of -ів, -ин has a short ending (батьків бриль, бабин син); every other form is a full hard-group adjective: бра́тів, бра́тове, бра́това, бра́тові; gen. бра́тового, бра́тової; ма́мин, ма́мине, ма́мина, gen. ма́миного (Pravopys 2019 §101, §103: бра́тів, бра́тов-ого…). Simovych (1919 §201) counts the possessive nominative among the surviving short forms.

Possessive adjectives are a feature of everyday and folk speech, of fiction and of street and place names (Андріївський узвіз 'St Andrew's Descent', Миколине поле). In written registers a genitive is more common: батьків будинок ~ будинок батька. In UD (2026-11-06) they are rare: about 40 ADJ tokens with a possessive lemma in -ів, -ин across both treebanks (мамин 5, татів 4, бабин 4, Марфин 3, Каленченків 2, Тарасів, Остапів, Овідіїв, Левків, Мар'янин, материн, Українчин 1 each). UD Ukrainian does not mark them with Poss=Yes (that feature is used for possessive determiners: мій, твій, свій, 2 061 DET tokens).

They are also the source of most Ukrainian surnames in -ів, -ин (Петрів, Іванів, Ковалів) and of patronymic-like family names; those decline as nouns or remain uninflected (11, Pravopys 2019 §142).

5. Participial adjectives

Participles decline as hard adjectives and take the same comparative only when lexicalized (розвинений → розвиненіший). Their formation and norm are in 13. Verbs §11; here the points that concern the adjective:

• Passive participles in -ний, -тий are the most frequent: 1 239 tokens in IU and 914 in ParlaMint (2026-11-06). Many have become plain adjectives: відо́мий 'known' (an old -мий participle), вихо́ваний 'well-mannered', освічений 'educated', зако́ханий 'in love'.
• Past active in -лий (пожовклий, зів'ялий, змерзлий) are adjectives of state: зів'яла квітка 'a withered flower'.
• Present active in -учий, -ючий, -ачий, -ячий as lexicalized adjectives: блиску́чий 'brilliant', квіту́чий 'flourishing', колю́чий 'prickly', співу́чий 'melodious', лежа́чий 'lying', сидя́чий 'sedentary', гаря́чий 'hot' (historically a participle of горіти), живу́чий 'tenacious'. VESUM tags these as ordinary qualitative adjectives (compb), while it tags most freshly formed participles of the same shape (бажаючий, працюючий) as non-normative (bad). The two can share a form: стоячий 'standing' (adjective, normal) and the same word as an active participle (marked).

Syniavskyi (1922, suffix list §28) notes that the suffixes -учий, -ючий, -ячий, -ущий, -ющий, -ящий are "by origin descendants of the active present participle, but the participle has vanished; the suffixes are now adjectival" and are used for intensive qualities rather than actions: балаку́чий means 'talkative, who likes talking', not 'who is talking'; on adjective bases they are pure intensifiers (добря́чий 'very good', злю́чий, важню́щий, жирню́чий; §7).

6. Comparison of adjectives

6.1 The comparative

The synthetic comparative adds -іш- or -ш- to the stem (Pravopys 2019 §104.1):

The suppletive bases also have regular comparatives with a shift of meaning: Simovych (1919 §193) gives добріщий 'more good-natured', зліщий 'angrier', здоровіщий, поганіщий 'uglier'. Кращий is the neutral comparative of добрий; ліпший is equally standard and more frequent in the west.

The forms have a history of regional variation that the standard has resolved. Simovych (1919 §193 and Note) describes three variants of the long suffix: -іщий (гостріщий, тупіщий), which he presents as the core form; -іший, "written and pronounced (mainly by Left-Bank speakers)"; and -ійший, "used by all Galicians" and by Kulish (найрозумнійший, найсвятійшою, чорнійший). Smal-Stockyj (1913) gives -ший, -ійший, -іщий side by side. The modern standard has only -іший. -іщий is not standard (it is not the intensive suffix -ущий/-ющий of багатющий, §7), and -ійший survives in Church usage (Найсвятійший 'Most Holy').

Corpus figures (UD 2.18, comparative ADJ tokens, 2026-11-06): IU 198, ParlaMint 84. Of the 282, 211 have the short suffix or a suppletive stem and 71 the long -іш-: the frequent comparatives are the short ones. Most frequent lemmas: вищий 52, більший 40, кращий 28, старший 20, менший 17, ширший 8, пізніший 8, ближчий 8, нижчий 6, молодший 5, довший 5, дальший 5, коротший 4, гірший 4, сильніший 3. VESUM lists 2 298 comparative adjective lemmas (compc) against 2 384 base adjectives tagged as comparable (compb).

6.2 The superlative

The superlative adds the prefix най- to the comparative: найнові́ший, найкра́щий, найбі́льший, найме́нший (Pravopys 2019 §104.2). It is reinforced by що- and як-, written together: щонайсильні́ший 'the very strongest', якнайбі́льший 'as great as possible', якнайшви́дший. In UD (2026-11-06) all 237 superlative ADJ tokens carry най-; що-/якнай- occur with adjectives in neither treebank, but with adverbs they do (§9).

Two further ways to express a high degree:

• The prefix пре- ('very') on the positive: прегарний, предобрий, прекрасний 'beautiful' (now lexicalized), премудрий; and все- in a few: всемогу́тній 'almighty' (Simovych 1919 §195.2). The prefix пре- is written пре- in this sense, unlike при- (06).
• Adverbs: дуже 'very', вельми (bookish), надзвичайно, страшенно; and the comparative intensifiers набагато, значно, далеко, куди 'much (more)': куди кращий 'far better' (Simovych 1919 §194.3).

Simovych (1919 §195) also records a superlative formed with най- directly on the positive, "found in poetry, but rarely in ordinary speech": найгарний, найсвятий (Ой, ти, Дніпре, найдавнії ти шляху козацький, Kulish; найдобірні, Franko). It is a poetic licence today.

6.3 Analytic comparison

The comparative and superlative can also be formed with більш, менш and найбільш, найменш + the positive: більш вда́лий 'more successful', менш вередли́вий 'less capricious', найбі́льш зручни́й 'most convenient', найме́нш приє́мне (Pravopys 2019 §104, which adds "(rarer)" to each). The analytic forms are used for long adjectives, for participles and relative adjectives used figuratively, and to express "less" (менш), which has no synthetic form. Counts (UD 2.18, більш / менш / найбільш / найменш immediately followed by an ADJ, 2026-11-06):

The synthetic forms dominate (about 6 : 1 for the comparative), and analytic більш is concentrated on long adjectives (більш ефективний, більш прозорий). Combining both, більш кращий 'more better', is a recognized error.

6.4 The standard of comparison

What is compared is introduced by ніж, як, за + accusative, or від + genitive (Simovych 1919 §194):

• Він вищий, ніж я / вищий за мене / вищий від мене 'He is taller than me'.
• Хиба краща є за тебе? 'Is there anyone better than you?' (Shevchenko, quoted by Simovych 1919 §194).

In UD (2026-11-06) the word immediately after a comparative adjective or adverb is за 29 times, ніж 28, від 13, як 6. Чим in this function, common in Galicia in the early 20th century and in Russian, is not standard: Simovych (1919 §195 Note) records that Galician intellectuals avoided ніж as a supposed polonism and used чим "in the Muscovite manner, though the people nowhere say so"; it does not occur after a comparative in either treebank. Smal-Stockyj (1913 §44) records a western construction with the neuter comparative as predicate and the bare genitive of the compared object: Ся книжка дорожше тамтої 'This book is dearer than that one'. The genitive of comparison is archaic or dialectal today.

7. Intensive and diminutive forms

Ukrainian has a rich set of evaluative adjective suffixes, which carry affection, intensity or emphasis (Simovych 1919 §114; Syniavskyi 1922, suffix list; details in 17):

These forms are productive, frequent in speech, folk song and fiction, and almost never felt as dialectal: they are part of the expressive core of the language. Diminutive adjectives agree with diminutive nouns in nursery and song style (маленьке телятко, тихесенька річенька). Simovych (1919 §§112–114) notes that "almost all adjectives know affectionate forms", and that pronouns and numerals form them too (саменький, усенький, одненький, однісінький).

8. Adverbs

8.1 Classes

Adverbs (UPOS ADV) are 6 491 tokens in IU and 5 543 in ParlaMint (2026-11-06). UD Ukrainian splits them by type:

8.2 Formation from adjectives

The main pattern adds -о or -е to the adjective stem:

• -о, the general suffix: швидки́й → шви́дко, га́рний → га́рно, ви́сокий → висо́ко, ти́хий → ти́хо, си́ній → си́ньо, весе́лий → ве́село, украї́нський (no adverb; see below).
• -е, after hushing consonants and in a closed set: гаря́чий → гаря́че, байду́жий → байду́же, ду́жий → ду́же 'very', and до́брий → до́бре, злий → зле.
• In UD (2026-11-06) positive adverbs with Degree end in -о 1 703 times and in -е 398 times; the -е group is dominated by добре and дуже.

Adverbs in по- + -ому / -(ськ)и from adjectives and pronouns, written with a hyphen (Pravopys 2019 §41.3): по-ба́тьківському, по-бра́тньому, по-і́ншому, по-на́шому, по-сво́єму, по-украї́нському and по-ба́тьківськи, по-лю́дськи, по-сусі́дськи, по-украї́нськи; по-за́ячи, по-ведме́жи; по-лати́ні. Both по-українському and по-українськи 'in Ukrainian, in the Ukrainian way' are standard; the type in -ому is more common in speech.

Adverbs from nouns and prepositional phrases, written together (Pravopys 2019 §41.1): вве́чері / уве́чері 'in the evening', взи́мку 'in winter', вгорі́ 'above', вдень, вночі́, вго́лос 'aloud', вбік, внизу́, вво́лю 'to one's heart's content', наза́вжди 'for ever', напе́вно 'certainly', наре́шті 'at last', помалу́ 'slowly', додо́му 'home(wards)'; the instrumental of nouns: ве́чором, зимо́ю, ра́нком, бігцем 'at a run', пішки 'on foot'. Where the noun keeps its meaning and can take a modifier, the phrase is written apart: без кінця́, без су́мніву, до за́втра, на за́втра (Pravopys 2019 §41.2). Spelling with the prefix в-/у- alternates by euphony (04).

Adverbs from adverbial participles: мо́вчки 'silently', сто́ячи, си́дячи, ле́жачи 'standing, sitting, lying' (as manner adverbs), навми́сне 'on purpose', незважаючи.

Adverbs from numerals: дві́чі, три́чі 'twice, three times', уп'ятьо́х 'the five of us', по-пе́рше 'firstly'.

9. Comparison of adverbs

Adverbs from qualitative adjectives compare with the same suffixes, the comparative in -ше, -іше (the neuter form of the comparative adjective; Smal-Stockyj 1913 §44), the superlative with най-:

The short forms більш, менш, найбільш, найменш, beside більше, менше, serve for analytic comparison (§6.3) and as adverbs of degree: більш-менш 'more or less'. UD tags them Variant=Short (більш 26, найбільш 14, менш 2, найменш 1 across both treebanks; 2026-11-06).

Counts of comparative adverbs (UD 2.18, both treebanks, 2026-11-06): 499 tokens; most frequent більше 150, більш 57, краще 35, далі 34, раніше 30, менше 23, пізніше 24, менш 16, вище 15, швидше 14, гірше 7, дальше 6, частіше 5, точніше 5, скоріше 5. The adverbs with Degree=Abs, the reinforced superlatives in що-, як-, are 24 tokens: щонайменше 7, якнайшвидше 3, якнайбільш 2, щонайбільше 2, and single якнайтихіше, якнайстаранніш, якнайпослідовніше, якнайпорядніше, якнайповніше, якнайочевидніше. They are a written and official form: parliamentary and legal texts ask for things to be done якнайшвидше 'as soon as possible'. Якнайстаранніш shows a short adverbial comparative in -іш without the final -е, a variant of verse and speech.

10. Predicatives

A group of invariable words acts as the predicate of an impersonal (subjectless) clause; the person concerned, if any, is in the dative, and the clause often continues with an infinitive or a clause (категорія стану 'the category of state' in the Ukrainian grammatical tradition):

Tense is shown by було and буде: Треба було йти 'One had to go', Буде холодно 'It will be cold'. In UD (2026-11-06) predicatives are tagged ADV in most cases (треба 262, можна 235, потрібно 126, немає 66, необхідно 57, слід 44, важко 26, видно 23, нема 21, варто 12), but жаль is a NOUN (68), шкода mostly a NOUN (9 NOUN, 5 ADV), чути a VERB (61), and немає is split between ADV (66) and VERB (40). VESUM tags 1 390 lemma entries as predicatives (predic): 919 adverbs (годі, потрібно, холодно), 416 invariables (треба, можна, варто, слід, шкода), 40 nouns and a few interjections. The inconsistent tagging reflects a real ambiguity: важко is both an adverb (важко дихати 'breathe heavily') and a predicative (Мені важко 'It is hard for me').

11. How Mova handles adjectives and adverbs

In the en parser (xpos_of in en/src/main.rs), every Ukrainian ADJ becomes JJ, whatever its degree: comparatives and superlatives are not JJR/JJS, because UD Ukrainian marks degree only in FEATS and the mapping does not read it for adjectives. Participles are JJ too, ordinal numerals JJ, and possessive determiners PRP$. Every ADV is RB unless it is interrogative or relative (WRB), so predicatives (треба, можна) are RB like швидко. Agreement in gender, case and animacy is invisible to the tagger. On UD Ukrainian IU dev, adjective–noun confusions are among the most frequent tagging errors (NN→JJ 46, JJ→NN 41, JJ→CD 25, 2026-11-06); the parser reaches LAS 73.43 on IU dev and 79.28 on ParlaMint dev with its own tags (13 §14).

In kg (kg/src/gram.rs, kg/src/uk.rs):

• Gram keeps the case, number, gender and animacy of an adjective and its degree (compb, compr, super from VESUM's tags). VESUM's actual comparative tags are compc and comps; Gram::from_vesum matches compr and super, so comparative and superlative adjectives get degree 0, not 2 or 3. (This is a mismatch in the code, noted here for the code's owners: kg/src/gram.rs, DEGREE_NAMES.)
• adj_agrees checks attribute–noun agreement in case, number, gender in the singular, and animacy in the accusative, the rules of §2.2.
• Short forms (short), uncontracted forms (long) and the bad mark on active participles are dropped by from_vesum; the analyser finds повен and зеленая as adjectives in the nominative, but the graph does not know they are short or song forms.
• Predicatives: треба, потрібно, можна, слід, варто, необхідно, неможливо are on the list that makes the v2 parser skip a sentence (CONJ in kg/src/uk.rs); other predicatives (холодно) are read as adverbs, and a sentence without a finite verb is accepted only as a nominal sentence (nominal_sentence), so Мені холодно is rejected.
• Adverbs attach as adverbial members; дуже is explicitly kept from being read as a form of дужий (comment in uk.rs).

Not yet: no comparison rule (the formation of §6 is not coded), no normalizer that would map song forms (зеленая) or short forms (зелен) to the standard ones for parsing, no list of predicatives as a class, and no use of FEATS Degree in the en tag mapping. A small first step would be to map Degree=Cmp and Degree=Sup to JJR/JJS and RBR/RBS in xpos_of, which would let the English parser's comparative rules see Ukrainian comparatives.

Sources for this chapter

• Український правопис (2019), §20 (consonants in the comparative), §41 (spelling of adverbs), §§101–104 (adjective groups, paradigms, comparison), §119. Official document, not protected by copyright. Library books/u/uk/ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019 (uk-gram-pravopys-2019).
• Smal-Stockyj, Stephan. 1913. Ruthenische Grammatik. Berlin–Leipzig: Göschen. Suffixes of adjectives (possessives, comparatives -ший, -ійший, -іщий), §44 (the neuter comparative and the genitive of comparison). Public domain. Library books/s/st/stockyj-1913-ruthenische-grammatik (uk-gram-smal-stockyj-1913).
• Simovych, Vasyl'. 1919. Граматика української мови. §114 (affectionate adjectives), §§179, 187, §§192–201 (comparison, declension, short forms, uncontracted forms). Public domain. Library books/s/si/simovych-1919-hramatyka-ukrainskoi-movy-dlia (uk-gram-simovych-1919).
• Syniavskyi, Oleksa. 1922. Порадник української мови. Suffix list (-учий, -ющий, -езний). Public domain. Library books/s/sy/syniavskyi-1922-poradnyk-ukrainskoi-movy-praktychnyi (uk-gram-syniavskyi-poradnyk-1922).
• UD Ukrainian IU 2.18 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, counts only) and ParlaMint 2.18 (CC BY-SA 4.0).
• VESUM (dict_uk, release 6.8.6), CC BY-NC-SA 4.0: counts only.
• Mova: en/src/main.rs (xpos_of, tag_eval); kg/src/gram.rs (Gram::from_vesum, DEGREE_NAMES), kg/src/uk.rs (adj_agrees, CONJ, nominal_sentence).

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