Mova0.5 pre-release⌕
☰
home / docs / papers / English / A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English

A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English

What it is about

This is a long technical report (read in part: contents, the system chapter and the parsing pipeline; the verb-class and filter chapters were not read in full) describing the English XTAG grammar, written in lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar with feature structures. Each word selects one or more elementary trees from a tree database, and the trees are combined by substitution and adjunction. The grammar has 1,094 trees, grouped into 52 tree families (the subcategorisation classes, such as intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, sentential complement) and 218 single trees. Its morphological database has about 317,000 inflected items from over 90,000 stems, and the syntactic database has more than 30,000 entries that link stems to trees. The parsing pipeline reduces ambiguity in steps: the morphological analyser and tagger (the tagger alone cuts parse time by 93%), tree selection through the syntactic database, default trees for unknown words by POS, and filters. Structural filters remove trees with impossible spans, and a unigram filter trained on about 6,000 hand-corrected sentences removes unlikely trees; together they speed runtime by about 87%.

Ideas

For Mova

The chapters are 13. Verbs (verb classes and complements), 21. The simple clause (clause patterns) and 23. Complementation (sentential complements). The code is gparse (the arc filter), en/src/parse.rs, and world/src/dictionary.rs. Measures: gold-arc recall after the filter, parse time, and LAS on UD EWT dev, run twice. The report's licence is not stated, so use the design and the list of classes as ideas and build all data from Mova's own sources.

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. arXiv cs/9809024

@misc{group1998lexicalized,
  title = {{A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English}},
  author = {Group, XTAG Research},
  year = {1998},
  eprint = {cs/9809024},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/9809024}
}

References

94 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

  1. Anne Abeillé and Yves Schabes. Parsing Idioms in Lexicalized TAGs. In Proceedings of EACL ’89, pages 161–65, 1989. find
  2. Anne Abeillé. French and english determiners: Interaction of morphology, syntax, and semantics in lexicalized tree adjoining grammars. In Tree Adjoining Grammar,First International Workshop on TAGs: Formal Theory and Applications (abstracts), Shloss Dagstuhl, Sarrbrücken, 1990. find
  3. Steven Abney. The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspects. PhD thesis, MIT, 1987. find
  4. Steven Abney. Parsing by chunks. In Robert Berwick, Steven Abney, and Carol Tenny, editors, Principle-based parsing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991. find
  5. A. Akmajian. On deriving cleft sentences from pseudo-cleft sentences. Linguistic Inquiry, 1:149–168, 1970. find
  6. Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Richard Crouch, Steve Pullman, Manny Rayner, and Arnold Smith. CLARE – A Contextual Reasoning and Cooperative Response Framework for the Core Language Engine. SRI International, Cambridge, England, 1992. find
  7. Catherine N. Ball. The historical development of the it-cleft. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1991. find
  8. Mark Baltin. Heads and projections. In Mark Baltin and Anthony S. Kroch, editors, Alternative conceptions of phrase structure, pages 1–16. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1989. find
  9. John Barwise and Robin Cooper. Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4, 1981. find
  10. Tilman Becker. HyTAG: A new Type of Tree Adjoining Grammars for Hybrid Syntactic Representation of Free Word Order Languages. PhD thesis, Universität des Saarlandes, 1993. find
  11. Tilman Becker. Patterns in metarules. In Proceedings of the 3rd TAG+ Conference, Paris, France, 1994. find
  12. Rajesh Bhatt. Pro-control in tags. Unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1994. find
  13. Marguerite Browning. Null Operator Constructions. PhD thesis, MIT, 1987. find
  14. Luigi Burzio. Italian syntax. A Government-Binding approach. Studies in natural language and linguistic theory. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986. find
  15. Marie-Helene Candito. A Principle-Based Hierarchical Representation of LT-AGs. In Proceedings of COLING-96, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996. find
  16. John Carroll. Practical Unification-based Parsing of Natural Language. University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, Cambridge, England, 1993. find
  17. Noam Chomsky and Howard Lasnik. The minimalist program. manuscript, 1993. find
  18. Noam Chomsky. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965. find
  19. Noam Chomsky. Remarks on Nominalization. In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, pages 184–221. Ginn and Company, Waltham, Massachusetts, 1970. find
  20. Noam Chomsky. Barriers. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986. find
  21. Noam Chomsky. A Minimalist Approach to Linguistic Theory. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 1, 1992. find
  22. Kenneth Ward Church. A Stochastic Parts Program and Noun Phrase Parser for Unrestricted Text. In 2nd Applied Natural Language Processing Conference, Austin, Texas, 1988. find
  23. G. Cinque. Types of A-bar-Dependencies. sachusetts; London, England, 1990. find
  24. A. P. Cowie and R. Mackin, editors. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, volume 1. Oxford University Press, London, England, 1975. find
  25. Gerald P. Delahunty. The Analysis of English Cleft Sentences. Linguistic Analysis, 13(2):63–113, 1984. find
  26. Judy L. Delin. Cleft Constructions in Discourse. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. find
  27. Christine Doran. Incorporating Punctuation into the Sentence Grammar: A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar Perspective. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998. find
  28. Dania Egedi and Patrick Martin. A Freely Available Syntactic Lexicon for English. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sharable Natural Language Resources, Nara, Japan, August 1994. find our card
  29. J. Emonds. Root and structure-preserving transformations. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mas- find
  30. T. Ernst. More on Adverbs and Stressed Auxiliaries. Linguistic Inquiry 13, pages 542–48, 1983. find
  31. Roger Evans, Gerald Gazdar, and David Weir. Encoding Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars with a Nonmonotonic Inheritance Hierarchy. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Cambridge, MA, 1995. find
  32. G. Gazdar, E. Klein, G. Pullum, and I. Sag. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985. find
  33. Jane Grimshaw. Argument Structure. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990. find
  34. Liliane Haegeman. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Oxford, U.K., 1991. find
  35. Ken Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser. Some transitivity alternations in English. Technical Report #7, MITCCS, July 1986. find
  36. Ken Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser. A view from the middle. Technical Report #10, MITCCS, January 1987. find
  37. Patrick Hanks, editor. Collins Dictionary of the English Language. Collins, London, England, 1979. find
  38. Caroline Heycock and Anthony S. Kroch. Verb movement and the status of subjects: implications for the theory of licensing. GAGL, 36:75–102, 1993. find
  39. Caroline Heycock. Progress Report: The English Copula in a LTAG. Internal XTAG project report, University of Pennsylvania, Summer 1991. find
  40. Beth Ann Hockey and Heather Mateyak. Determining determiner sequencing: A syntactic analysis for english. Technical Report 98-10, Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania, 1998. find our card
  41. Beth Ann Hockey and B. Srinivas. Feature-Based TAG in Place of Multi-component Adjunction: Computational Implications. In Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium (NLPRS), Fukuoka, Japan, December 1993. find
  42. Beth Ann Hockey. Echo questions, intonation and focus. In Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Conference on Focus and Natural Language Processing in Celebration of the 10 th anniversary of the Journal of Semantics, Eschwege, Germany, 1994. find
  43. A. S. Hornby, editor. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press, London, England, third edition, 1974. find
  44. Sabine Iatridou. Topics in Conditionals. PhD thesis, MIT, 1991. find
  45. R. Jackendoff. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972. find
  46. R. Jackendoff. On Larson’s Analysis of the Double Object Construction. Linguistic Inquiry, 21:427–456, 1990. find
  47. Fred Jelinek, John Lafferty, David M. Magerman, Robert Mercer, Adwait Ratnaparkhi, and Salim Roukos. Decision Tree Parsing using a Hidden Derivation Model. In Proceedings from the ARPA Workshop on Human Language Technology Workshop, March 1994. find
  48. Aravind K. Joshi, L. Levy, and M. Takahashi. Tree Adjunct Grammars. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 1975. find
  49. Aravind K. Joshi. Tree Adjoining Grammars: How much context Sensitivity is required to provide a reasonable structural description. In D. Dowty, I. Karttunen, and A. Zwicky, editors, Natural Language Parsing, pages 206–250. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1985. find
  50. Ronald Kaplan and Joan Bresnan. Lexical-functional Grammar: A Formal System for Grammatical Representation. In J. Bresnan, editor, The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983. find
  51. Daniel Karp, Yves Schabes, Martin Zaidel, and Dania Egedi. A Freely Available Wide Coverage Morphological Analyzer for English. In Proceedings of the 15 th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING ’92), Nantes, France, August 1992. find
  52. E. L. Keenan and J. Stavi. A Semantic Characterization of Natural Language Determiners. Linguistics and Philosophy, 9, August 1986. find
  53. John Knowles. The Cleft Sentence: A Base-Generated Perspective. Lingua: International Review of General Linguistics, 69(4):295–317, August 1986. find
  54. Anthony S. Kroch and Aravind K. Joshi. The Linguistic Relevance of Tree Adjoining Grammars. Technical Report MS-CIS-85-16, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, 1985. find
  55. Anthony S. Kroch and Aravind K. Joshi. Analyzing Extraposition in a Tree Adjoining Grammar. In G. Huck and A. Ojeda, editors, Discontinuous Constituents, Syntax and Semantics, volume 20. Academic Press, 1987. find
  56. S. Lapointe. A lexical analysis of the English auxiliary verb system. In T. Hoekstra et al, editor, Lexical Grammar, pages 215–254. Foris, Dordrecht, 1980. find
  57. R. Larson. On the Double Object construction. Linguistic Inquiry, 19:335–391, 1988. find
  58. R. Larson. Double Objects Revisited: Reply to Jackendoff. Linguistic Inquiry, 21:589–612, 1990. find
  59. H. Lasnik and M. Saito. On the Nature of Proper Government. Linguistic Inquiry, 15:235–289, 1984. find
  60. H. Lasnik and J. Uriagereka. A Course in GB Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1988. find
  61. Robert B. Lees. The Grammar of English Nominalizations. Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 1960. find
  62. Sabine Lehmann, Stephan Oepen, Sylvie Regnier-Prost, Klaus Netter, Veronika Lux, Judith Klein, Kirsten Falkedal, Frederik Fouvry, Dominique Estival, Eva Dauphin, Hervé Compagnion, Judith Baur, Lorna Balkan, and Doug Arnold. tsnlp — Test Suites for Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of COLING 1996, Kopenhagen, 1996. find
  63. Mark Liberman. Tex on tap: the ACL Data Collection Initiative. In Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language Processing. Morgan Kaufman, 1989. find
  64. Mitchell M. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, and Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz. Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19.2:313–330, June 1993. find our card
  65. Heather Mateyak. Negation of noun phrases with not. Technical Report 97-18, UPENN-IRCS, October 1997. find
  66. James D. McCawley. The Syntactic Phenomena of English. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1988. find
  67. A. Moro. There as a Raised Predicate. Paper presented at GLOW, 1990. find
  68. Donna Jo Napoli. Ergative Verbs in English. Journal of the Linguistic Society of America (Language), 64:1(1):130–142, March 1988. find
  69. H. Obernauer. On the Identification of Empty Categories. Linguistic Review 4, 2:153–202, 1984. find
  70. Patrick Paroubek, Yves Schabes, and Aravind K. Joshi. Xtag – a graphical workbench for developing tree-adjoining grammars. In Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, Trento, Italy, 1992. find
  71. Barbara Partee, Alice ter Meulen, and Robert E. Wall. Mathematical Methods in Linguistics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. find
  72. Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. CSLI, 1994. find
  73. J-Y. Pollock. Verb Movement, UG, and the Structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20.3:365–424, 1989. find
  74. Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, London, 1985. find
  75. Lance Ramshaw and Mitchell P. Marcus. Text chunking using transformation-based learning. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Very Large Corpora, MIT, Cambridge, Boston, 1995. find
  76. Luigi Rizzi. Relativized Minimality. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England, 1990. find
  77. James Rogers and K. Vijay-Shankar. Obtaining Trees from their Descriptions: An Application to Tree Adjoining Grammars. Computational Intelligence, 10(4), 1994. find
  78. Peter S. Rosenbaum. The grammar of English predicate complement constructions. MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967. find
  79. I. Sag, G. Gazdar, T. Wasow, and S. Weisler. Coordination and How to distinguish categories. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 3:117–171, 1985. find
  80. Anoop Sarkar and Aravind Joshi. Coordination in Tree Adjoining Grammars: Formalization and Implementation. In Proceedings of the 18 th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING ’94), Copenhagen, Denmark, August 1996. find
  81. Yves Schabes and Aravind K. Joshi. An Early-Type Parsing Algorithm for Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Proceedings of the 26 th Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Buffalo, June 1988. find
  82. Yves Schabes, Anne Abeillé, and Aravind K. Joshi. Parsing strategies with ‘lexicalized’ grammars: Application to Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Proceedings of the 12 th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING’88), Budapest, Hungary, August 1988. find
  83. Yves Schabes. Mathematical and Computational Aspects of Lexicalized Grammars. PhD thesis, Computer Science Department, University of Pennsylvania, 1990. find
  84. Dr. Seuss. The Lorax. Random House, New York, New York, 1971. find
  85. Frank K. Soong and Eng-Fong Huang. Fast Tree-Trellis Search for Finding the N-Best Sentence Hypothesis in Continuous Speech Recognition. Journal of Acoustic Society, AM., May 1990. find
  86. R. Sornicola. IT-clefts and WH-clefts: two awkward sentence types. Journal of Linguistics, 24:343–379, 1988. find
  87. B. Srinivas, D. Egedi, C. Doran, and T. Becker. Lexicalization and grammar development. In Proceedings of KONVENS ’94, pages 310–9, Vienna, Austria, 1994. find
  88. B. Srinivas, Christine Doran, and Seth Kulick. Heuristics and parse ranking. In Proceedings of the 4 th Annual International Workshop on Parsing Technologies, Prague, September 1995. find
  89. B. Srinivas. Complexity of Lexical Descriptions and its Relevance to Partial Parsing. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, August 1997. find
  90. B. Srinivas. Performance Evaluation of Supertagging for Partial Parsing. In Proceedings of Fifth International Workshop on Parsing Technology, Boston, USA, September 1997. find
  91. K. Vijay-Shanker and Aravind K. Joshi. Unification Based Tree Adjoining Grammars. In J. Wedekind, editor, Unification-based Grammars. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991. find
  92. K. Vijay-Shanker and Yves Schabes. Structure sharing in lexicalized tree adjoining grammar. In Proceedings of the 15 th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING ’92), Nantes, France, August 1992. find
  93. Akira Watanabe. The Notion of Finite Clauses in AGR-Based Case Theory. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 18:281–296, 1993. find
  94. The XTAG-Group. A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English. Technical Report IRCS 95-03, University of Pennsylvania, 1995. find our card

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/group-1998-lexicalized-tree-adjoining-grammar-english/