The Semitic wa and pa of Apodosis: Pragmatics, Syntax, and Diachrony of Two Non-Coordinating 'And's

What it is about

In many Semitic languages the word for "and" (*wa, Hebrew וְ) or "and then" (*pa, Arabic fa) does not coordinate when it stands after a fronted element: after an "if" or "when" clause, a time or place phrase, a cause, or a fronted noun phrase, it opens the rest of the sentence (the "waw of apodosis", as in "when he comes, and you shall say …"). The dissertation tests the idea that this marks the boundary between an "Orientation" constituent (Dik's term: a theme, condition or setting that orients the hearer) and the "Rheme" that follows, through full corpus studies of the Pentateuch, Canaano-Akkadian (Byblos letters), Ugaritic and Sabaic, then a survey of the other Semitic languages and of the construction's origins. For the Pentateuch, every example with and without וְ after a dependent constituent is listed (unreliable ones in an appendix); with adverbial clauses the use of וְ is predicted in 419 of 424 cases (99%). The final rule: וְ appears only if the fronted part is an orienting element, the rest brings new information, and, for subordinate clauses or clearly extraclausal phrases, the main part begins with a non-volitive verb (weqatal, not an imperative or jussive); after prepositional phrases it is optional, after noun phrases it needs extra conditions (open set, contrast, time setting, or a very long front of 12+ words).

Ideas

I1. A tree rule: when a clause headed by אִם, כִּי, כַּאֲשֶׁר, אַחֲרֵי, טֶרֶם, יַעַן etc. precedes its main clause and the main clause starts with וְ + weqatal, the וְ is not coordination: attach the main clause as the root, the fronted clause as advcl of it, and the וְ as a mark/discourse dependent, never cc to the fronted clause. Count how often our current head rules get this right on the Pentateuch.
I2. Implement the dissertation's decision rule for subordinate clauses as a deterministic predictor of "וְ present or absent" and check it on our Torah trees against its reported 419/424; a disagreement points either to a tree error or to a case for the manual.
I3. A prag cue: וְ after a fronted conditional or temporal clause marks the boundary of setting and new information; use it to split condition and consequence in law texts (Exodus 21–23, Leviticus, Deuteronomy) for the world reader: "if X, then Y".
I4. A volitive (imperative, jussive) after a fronted clause without וְ is expected; a volitive with וְ there is a marked case worth a flag (Gen 13:9 is the paper's exception).

For Mova

I1 is a head-rule fix in tools/macula (chapter 13, section 6), checked against PTNK. I2 is a count and test on the Torah trees, reported in Syntax: the clause and the sentence (subordination, conditionals) with its date. I3 is a rule in tools/macula/src/prag.rs (it touches the switched-off law3 rule) and for the event layer. I4 is a flag for 09-discourse.md. The thesis is copyrighted: cite and summarise only.

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.6082/qewz4-h0k75

@inproceedings{zulker2025semitic,
  title = {{The Semitic wa and *pa of Apodosis: Pragmatics, Syntax, and Diachrony of Two Non-Coordinating 'And's}},
  author = {Zulker, Andrew Charles Robert},
  booktitle = {Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago)},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.6082/qewz4-h0k75},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.6082/qewz4-h0k75}
}

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The Semitic *wa and *pa of Apodosis: Pragmatics, Syntax, and Diachrony of Two Non-Coordinating 'And's