Mova0.5 pre-release⌕
☰
home / docs / papers / Ancient Hebrew / Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis

Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis

What it is about

The paper tries to date Dead Sea Scrolls by handwriting style. Few manuscripts have calendar dates, so the authors first ran new radiocarbon (14C) measurements on 30 undated manuscripts, of which 26 gave accepted dates, and used 24 of them as training data. The model, named Enoch, takes images of ink traces, binarises them with a neural network, and describes the shapes by two feature sets: a Kohonen-based allographic codebook and an angular "hinge" curvature histogram. After weighting and PCA to 20 dimensions, a Bayesian ridge regression predicts a date distribution. Leave-one-out tests give a mean absolute error of 27.9 to 30.7 years against the 14C ranges. Applied to 135 undated manuscripts, expert palaeographers judged 107 (79.26%) of the predictions realistic. The 14C results are often older than the traditional palaeographic dates, and the authors argue that the Herodian-type script appears earlier than assumed. The authors deliberately avoid deep learning on this small data set, and avoid palaeographic dates as training targets.

Ideas

For Mova

I1 is a measurement for 11. Mishnaic Hebrew (hbo-x-mishnaic), run on treebanks/hbo/ptnk. I2 is a rule for any report in tools/hbo and in the release measurements. I3 is a review procedure for world. The paper's image pipeline is neural and is not used.

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. arXiv 2407.12013

@misc{popovic2024dating,
  title = {{Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis}},
  author = {Popovic, Mladen and Dhali, Maruf A. and Schomaker, Lambert and Plicht, Johannes van der and Rasmussen, Kaare Lund and Nasa, Jacopo La and Degano, Ilaria and Colombini, Maria Perla and Tigchelaar, Eibert},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2407.12013},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.12013}
}

References

137 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

  1. Nongbri, B.: Palaeographic analysis of codices from the early christian period: A point of method. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 42, 84–97 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064x19855582 ↗
  2. Orsini, P.: Introduction. In: Studies on Greek and Coptic Majuscule Scripts and Books, p.VII–XVI. De Gruyter, Berlin (2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110575446-000 ↗
  3. Orsini, P., Clarysse, W.: Early New Testament manuscripts and their dates: A critique of theological palaeography. Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 88, 443–474 (2012) find
  4. Brooke, G.J., Hempel, C. (eds.): T&T Clark Companion to the Dead Sea Scrolls. T&T Clark, London (2018) find
  5. Tigchelaar, E.: Seventy years of palaeographic dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls. In: Drawnel, H. (ed.) Sacred Texts and Disparate Interpretations: Qumran Manuscripts Seventy Years Later, pp. 258–278. Brill, Leiden (2020). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004432796 014 ↗
  6. Puech, E.: La paléographie des manuscrits de la mer Morte. In: Fidanzio, M. (ed.) The Caves of Qumran, pp. 96–105. Brill, Leiden (2017). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004316508 008 ↗
  7. Cross, F.M.: The development of the Jewish scripts. In: Leaves from an Epigrapher’s Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy, pp. 1–43. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN (2003). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004369887 002. (originally published in 1961 ↗
  8. Avigad, N.: The palaeography of the Dead Sea Scrolls and related documents. In: Scripta Hierosolymitana, Volume IV: Aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls, pp. 56–87. Magness Press, Jerusalem (1965) find
  9. Yardeni, A.: Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert and Related Material, 2 Vols. The Hebrew University, Jerusalem (2000) find
  10. Yardeni, A.: The palaeography of 4QJer a – a comparative study. Textus 15, 233–268 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1163/2589255x-01501012 ↗
  11. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Communications of the ACM 60, 84–90 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3065386 ↗
  12. Vapnik, V.N.: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer, ??? (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3264-1 ↗
  13. He, S., Schomaker, L.: Deep adaptive learning for writer identification based on single handwritten word images. Pattern Recognition 88, 64–74 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2018.11.003 ↗
  14. He, S., Schomaker, L.: FragNet: Writer identification using deep fragment networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 15, 3013–3022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2981236 ↗
  15. He, S., Schomaker, L.: GR-RNN: Global-context residual recurrent neural networks for writer identification. Pattern Recognition 117, 107975 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2021.107975 ↗
  16. Zhang, Z., Schomaker, L.: DiverGAN: An efficient and effective single-stage framework for diverse text-to-image generation. Neurocomputing 473, 182–198 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.12.005 ↗
  17. Ameryan, M., Schomaker, L.: How to limit label dissipation in neural-network validation: Exploring label-free early-stopping heuristics. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 16(1), 1–20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1145/3587168 ↗
  18. Assael, Y., Sommerschield, T., Shillingford, B., Bordbar, M., Pavlopoulos, J., Chatzipanagiotou, M., Androutsopoulos, I., Prag, J., de Freitas, N.: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks. Nature 603, 280–283 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04448-z ↗
  19. Bonani, G., Ivy, S., Wölfli, W., Broshi, M., Carmi, I., Strugnell, J.: Radiocarbon dating of fourteen Dead Sea Scrolls. Radiocarbon 34, 843– 849 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064158 ↗
  20. Jull, A.J.T., Donahue, D.J., Broshi, M., Tov, E.: Radiocarbon dating of scrolls and linen fragments from the Judean Desert. Radiocarbon 37, 11–19 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200014740 ↗
  21. Rasmussen, K.L., van der Plicht, J., Cryer, F.H., Doudna, G., Cross, F.M., Strugnell, J.: The effects of possible contamination on the radiocarbon dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls I: castor oil. Radiocarbon 43, 127–132 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200031702 ↗
  22. Rasmussen, K.L., van der Plicht, J., Doudna, G., Cross, F.M., Strugnell, J.: Reply to Israel Carmi (2002): “Are the 14C dates of the Dead Sea Scrolls affected by castor oil contamination?”. Radiocarbon 45, 497–499 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200032847 ↗
  23. Rasmussen, K.L., van der Plicht, J., Doudna, G., Nielsen, F., Højrup, P., Stenby, E.H., Pedersen, C.T.: The effects of possible contamination on the radiocarbon dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls II: empirical methods to remove castor oil and suggestions for redating. Radiocarbon 51, 1005– 1022 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200034081 ↗
  24. Ramsey, C.B.: Development of the radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 43, 355–363 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038212 ↗
  25. Ramsey, C.B., van der Plicht, J., Weninger, B.: ‘Wiggle matching’ radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 43, 381–389 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038248 ↗
  26. Israel Antiquities Authority: The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive. Accessed: 2023-04-10 ↗
  27. Lim, T., Alexander, P.: The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Library (Volume 1). Brill Publishers (1995) find
  28. Dhali, M.A., de Wit, J.W., Schomaker, L.: Binet: Degraded-manuscript binarization in diverse document textures and layouts using deep encoder-decoder networks. arXiv preprint (2019). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1911.07930 ↗
  29. Brink, A., Bulacu, M., Schomaker, L.: How much handwritten text is needed for text-independent writer verification and identification. In: 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, Piscataway (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761908 ↗
  30. Bulacu, M., Schomaker, L., Vuurpijl, L.: Writer identification using edge-based directional features. In: Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings. IEEE Comput. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2003.1227797 ↗
  31. Schomaker, L., Bulacu, M.: Automatic writer identification using connected-component contours and edge-based features of uppercase western script. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 26, 787–798 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2004.18 ↗
  32. Bulacu, M., Schomaker, L.: Text-independent writer identification and verification using textural and allographic features. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 29, 701–717 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2007.1009 ↗
  33. Dhali, M.A., Jansen, C.N., de Wit, J.W., Schomaker, L.: Feature-extraction methods for historical manuscript dating based on writing style development. Pattern Recognition Letters 131, 413–420 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2020.01.027 ↗
  34. He, S., Samara, P., Burgers, J., Schomaker, L.: Image-based historical manuscript dating using contour and stroke fragments. Pattern Recognition 58, 159–171 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2016.03.032 ↗
  35. Popović, M., Dhali, M.A., Schomaker, L.: Artificial intelligence based writer identification generates new evidence for the unknown scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls exemplified by the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa a ). PLOS ONE 16, 0249769 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249769 ↗ our card
  36. Sommerschield, T., Assael, Y., Pavlopoulos, J., Stefanak, V., Senior, A., Dyer, C., Bodel, J., Prag, J., Androutsopoulos, I., de Freitas, N.: Machine learning for ancient languages: A survey. Computational Linguistics, 1–45 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1162/coli a 00481 ↗
  37. Schomaker, L.: Monk - Search and annotation tools for handwritten manuscripts. http://monk.hpc.rug.nl/. Accessed: 2023-07-17 (2023) ↗
  38. Adam, K., Baig, A., Al-Maadeed, S., Bouridane, A., El-Menshawy, S.: KERTAS: dataset for automatic dating of ancient arabic manuscripts. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR) 21, 283–290 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-018-0312-3 ↗
  39. Hoerl, A.E., Kennard, R.W.: Ridge regression: Biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems. Technometrics 42, 80–86 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.2000.10485983 ↗
  40. Bulacu, M., Brink, A., van der Zant, T., Schomaker, L.: Recognition of handwritten numerical fields in a large single-writer historical collection. In: 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 808–812 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.2009.8 ↗
  41. Koopmans, L., Dhali, M., Schomaker, L.: The effects of character-level data augmentation on style-based dating of historical manuscripts. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, pp. 124–135. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Setubal, Portugal (2023). https://doi.org/10.5220/0011699500003411 ↗
  42. Schmid, K., Schröter, J.: The Making of the Bible: From the First Fragments to Sacred Scripture. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA (2021) find
  43. Zenger, E., Frevel, C.: Einleitung in das Alte Testament. Neunte, aktualisierte Auflage. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart (2016) find
  44. Popović, M.: Qumran as scroll storehouse in times of crisis? A comparative perspective on Judaean Desert manuscript collections. Journal for the Study of Judaism 43, 551–594 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12341239 ↗
  45. Hamid, A., Bibi, M., Moetesum, M., Siddiqi, I.: Deep learning based approach for historical manuscript dating. In: 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pp. 967–972 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.2019.00159 ↗
  46. Hodson, T.O.: Root-mean-square error (rmse) or mean absolute error (mae): when to use them or not. Geoscientific Model Development 15(14), 5481–5487 (2022). https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5481-2022 ↗
  47. Hempel, C.: The Community Rules from Qumran: A Commentary. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2020). https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-157027-8 ↗
  48. Gropp, D.M.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XXVIII. Wadi Daliyeh II and Qumran Miscellanea, Part 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford (2001) find
  49. Naveh, J., Shaked, S.: Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria (Fourth Century BCE.). The Khalili Family Trust, London (2012) find
  50. Porten, B., Yardeni, A.: Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, 4 Vols. The Hebrew University, Jerusalem (1986–1999) find
  51. Benoit, P., Milik, J.T., de Vaux, R.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume II. Les grottes de Murabba , ât, 2 Vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1961) find
  52. Cotton, H.M., Yardeni, A.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XXVII. Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nah.al H . ever and Other Sites. With an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997) find
  53. Eshel, E., Kloner, A.: An Aramaic ostracon of an Edomite marriage contract from Maresha, dated 176 BCE. Israel Exploration Journal 46, 1–22 (1996) find
  54. Geraty, L.T.: The Khirbet el-Kôm bilingual ostracon. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 220, 55–61 (1975) find
  55. Eck, W., Cotton, H.M., Di Segni, L.: Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/-Palaestinae: Volume 1, Part 1 vol. 1, pp. 414–416. De Gruyter, Berlin (2010) find
  56. Avigad, N.: Ancient Monuments in the Kidron Valley. Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1954) find
  57. Barag, D.: The 2000-2001 exploration of the tombs of Benei H . ezir and Zechariah. Israel Exploration Journal 53, 78–110 (2003) find
  58. Naveh, J.: Dated coins of Alexander Janneus. Israel Exploration Journal 18, 20–26 (1968) find
  59. Baillet, M., Milik, J.T., de Vaux, R.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan: Volume III. Les ‘petites grottes’ de Qumrân, 2 Vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1962) find
  60. Puech, E.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XXXI. Qumrân Grotte 4.XXII. Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529-549. Clarendon Press, Oxford (2001) find
  61. Puech, E.: Inscriptions funéraires palestiniennes: Tombeau de Jason et ossuaires. Revue biblique 90, 481–533 (1983) find
  62. Cross, F.M.: The oldest manuscripts from Qumran. Journal of Biblical Literature 74, 147–172 (1955) find
  63. Magness, J.: Ossuaries and the burials of Jesus and James. Journal of Biblical Literature 124, 121–154 (2005) find
  64. Cross, F.M.: The papyri and their historical implications. In: Lapp, P.W., Lapp, N.L. (eds.) Discoveries in the Wâdı̄ ed-Dâliyeh, pp. 17–29. American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge, MA (1974) find
  65. Cross, F.M.: The development of the Jewish scripts. In: Wright, G.E. (ed.) The Bible and the Ancient Near East, pp. 133–202. Doubleday, Garden City, NY (1961) find
  66. Cross, F.M.: Palaeography and the Dead Sea Scrolls. In: Flint, P.W., VanderKam, J.C. (eds.) The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, Volume One, pp. 379–402. Brill, Leiden (1998) find
  67. Bonani, G., Broshi, M., Carmi, I., Ivy, S., Strugnell, J., Wölfli, W.: Radiocarbon dating of the dead sea scrolls. Atiqot 20, 27–32 (1991) find
  68. Popović, M.: Book production and circulation in ancient Judaea: Evidenced by writing quality and skills in the Dead Sea Scrolls Isaiah and Serekh manuscripts. In: Williams, T.B., Keith, C., Stuckenbruck, L. (eds.) The Dead Sea Scrolls in Ancient Media Culture, pp. 199–265. Brill, Leiden (2023). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004537804 007 ↗
  69. Longacre, D.: Disambiguating the concept of formality in palaeographic descriptions: Stylistic classification and the ancient jewish hebrew/aramaic scripts. Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin 5, 101–128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.25592/UHHFDM.739 ↗
  70. Queffelec, A., Bertran, P., Bos, T., Lemée, L.: Mineralogical and organic study of bat and chough guano: implications for guano identification in ancient context. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 80, 1–17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.4311/2017es0102 ↗
  71. Dee, M.W., Palstra, S.W.L., Aerts-Bijma, A.T., Bleeker, M.O., de Bruijn, S., Ghebru, F., Jansen, H.G., Kuitems, M., Paul, D., Richie, R.R., Spriensma, J.J., Scifo, A., van Zonneveld, D., Verstappen-Dumoulin, B.M.A.A., Wietzes-Land, P., Meijer, H.A.J.: Radiocarbon dating at Groningen: New and updated chemical pretreatment procedures. Radiocarbon 62, 63–74 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.101 ↗
  72. Van der Plicht, J., Wijma, S., Aerts, A., Pertuisot, M., Meijer, H.: Status report: the Groningen AMS facility. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 172, 58–65 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(00) 00284-6 ↗
  73. Synal, H.-A., Stocker, M., Suter, M.: MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 259, 7–13 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.138 ↗
  74. Mook, W.G., van der Plicht, J.: Reporting 14C activities and concentrations. Radiocarbon 41, 227–239 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200057106 ↗
  75. Reimer, P.J., Austin, W.E., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P.G., Ramsey, C.B., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., et al.: The intcal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0– 55 cal kbp). Radiocarbon 62, 725–757 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41 ↗
  76. van der Plicht, J.: Variations in atmospheric 14 C. In: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 3rd Edition, pp. 1–10. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99931-1.00014-3 ↗
  77. Tigchelaar, E.: Identification and reidentification of some fragments of 4Q70 (4QJer a ). Textus 29, 193–200 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1163/2589255x-02901006 ↗
  78. Koffmahn, E.: Zur Datierung der aramäisch/hebräischen Vertragsurkun-den von Murabba , at. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 59, 119–136 (1963) find
  79. Yadin, Y.: The excavation of Masada—1963/64: preliminary report. Israel Exploration Journal 15, 1–120 (1965) find
  80. Goodblatt, D.: Dating documents in Provincia Iudaea: A note on papyri Murabba , at 19 and 20. Israel Exploration Journal 49, 249–259 (1999) find
  81. Eshel, H.: Documents of the first Jewish revolt from the Judean Desert. In: Berlin, A.M., Overman, J.A. (eds.) The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology, pp. 171–177. Routledge, London (2003) find
  82. Eshel, H., Broshi, M., Jull, T.A.J.: Four Murabba , at papyri and the alleged capture of Jerusalem by Bar Kokhba. In: Katzoff, R., Schaps, D. (eds.) Law in the Documents of the Judaean Desert, pp. 45–50. Brill, Leiden (2005). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047403999 006 ↗
  83. Wise, M.O.: Language and Literacy in Roman Judaea. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT (2015) find
  84. Pajunen, M.: 4QSapiential Admonitions B (4Q185): Unsolved challenges of the Hebrew text. In: Brooke, G., Høgenhaven, J. (eds.) The Mermaid and the Partridge, pp. 191–220. Brill, Leiden (2011). https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004194304.i-310.41 ↗
  85. Degano, I., Modugno, F., Bonaduce, I., Ribechini, E., Colombini, M.P.: Recent advances in analytical pyrolysis to investigate organic materials in heritage science. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57, 7313– 7323 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201713404 ↗
  86. La Nasa, J., Modugno, F., Degano, I.: Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of acylglycerols in art and archeology. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 40, 381–407 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.21644 ↗
  87. La Nasa, J., Biale, G., Sabatini, F., Degano, I., Colombini, M.P., Modugno, F.: Synthetic materials in art: a new comprehensive approach for the characterization of multi-material artworks by analytical pyrolysis. Heritage Science 7, 1–14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-019-0251-4 ↗
  88. Colombini, M.P., Modugno, F.: Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ (2009) find
  89. La Nasa, J., Ghelardi, E., Degano, I., Modugno, F., Colombini, M.P.: Core shell stationary phases for a novel separation of triglycerides in plant oils by high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer. Journal of Chromatography A 1308, 114–124 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.015 ↗
  90. Ghioni, C., Hiller, J.C., Kennedy, C.J., Aliev, A., Odlyha, M., Boulton, M., Wess, T.J.: Evidence of a distinct lipid fraction in historical parchments: a potential role in degradation? Journal of lipid research 46, 2726–2734 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M500331-JLR200 ↗
  91. Charlesworth, J., Cotton, H., Flint, P.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XXXVIII. Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert. Clarendon Press, Oxford (2000) find
  92. Tigchelaar, E.: 4Q1 (4QGen-Exod a ): Identification of fragments and comments. Textus 32, 19–38 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1163/2589255X-bja10028 ↗
  93. Ulrich, E., Cross, F.M.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XIV. Qumran Cave 4.IX. Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1995) find
  94. Langlois, M.: Le premier manuscrit du Livre d’Hénoch: Étude épigraphique et philologique des fragments araméens de 4Q201 à Qumrân. Cerf, Paris (2011) find
  95. Puech, E.: Les copies du livre de Josué dans les manuscrits de la mer Morte: 4Q47, 4Q48, 4Q123 et XJosué. Revue biblique 122, 481–506 (2015). https://doi.org/10.2143/RBI.122.4.3149591 ↗
  96. Cross, F.M., Parry, D.W., Saley, R.J., Ulrich, E.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XVII. Qumran Cave 4.XII. 1–2 Samuel. Clarendon Press, Oxford (2005) find
  97. Strugnell, J.: Notes en marge du volume V des “Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan”. Revue de Qumran 7, 163–276 (1970) find
  98. Tigchelaar, E.: Lamentations 4:21-22 as another word of consolation in 4Q176. Revue de Qumran 31, 3–9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2143/RQ.31.1.3286503 ↗
  99. Milik, J.T.: The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4. Clarendon Press, London (1976) find
  100. Sanders, J.A.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume IV. The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave XI. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1965) find
  101. Charlesworth, J.H., Milgrom, J., Qimron, E., Schiffmann, L.H., Stuckenbruck, L.T., Whitaker, R.E. (eds.): The Dead Sea Scrolls. Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations, Volume 1: Rule of the Community and Related Documents. JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen (1994) find
  102. Puech, E.: L’alphabet cryptique A en 4QS e (4Q259). Revue de Qumran 18, 429–435 (1998) find
  103. Puech, E.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XXV. Qumrân Grotte 4.XVIII. Textes hébreux: 4Q521-4Q528, 4Q576-4Q579. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1998) find
  104. Ulrich, E., Cross, F.M., Davila, J.R.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XII. Qumran Cave 4.VII. Genesis to Numbers. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1995) find
  105. Baumgarten, J.M.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XVIII. Qumran Cave 4.XIII. The Damascus Document (4Q266-273). Clarendon Press, Oxford (1996) find
  106. Sirat, C.: Les manuscrits en caractères hébraı̈ques: Réalités d’hier et histoire d’aujourd’hui. Scrittura e civiltà 10, 239–288 (1986) find
  107. Ulrich, E.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XVI. Qumran Cave 4.XI. Psalms to Chronicles. Clarendon Press, Oxford (2000) find
  108. Cross, F.M.: The Ancient Library of Qumran, 2nd edn. Doubleday, Garden City, NY (1961) find
  109. Drawnel, H.: Qumran Cave 4: The Aramaic Books of Enoch, 4Q201, 4Q202, 4Q204, 4Q205, 4Q206, 4Q207, 4Q212. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2019) find
  110. Broshi, M., Eshel, E., Fitzmyer, J.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XIX. Qumran Cave 4.XIV. Parabiblical Texts, Part 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1996) find
  111. Strugnell, J., Harrington, D., Elgvin, T.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume XXXIV. Qumran Cave 4.XXIV. Sapiential Texts, Part 2: 4QInstruction (Mûsār l ĕ Mēvı̂n): 4Q415 ff. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999) find
  112. Kimball, S., Mattis, P.: GNU Image Manipulation Program - GIMP (version 2.8.6). https://www.gimp.org/ (2023) ↗
  113. Mumuni, A., Mumuni, F.: Data augmentation: A comprehensive survey of modern approaches. Array 16, 100258 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2022.100258 ↗
  114. Kohonen, T.: Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics 43, 59–69 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00337288 ↗
  115. Joachims, T.: Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines, 2002 edn. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Springer, Dordrecht (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0907-3 ↗
  116. Bulacu, M., Schomaker, L.: Combining Multiple Features for Text-Independent Writer Identification and Verification. In: Lorette, G. (ed.) Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. Suvisoft, La Baule (France) (2006). Université de Rennes 1. http://www.suvisoft.com.https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00104189 ↗
  117. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Friedman, J.: The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2009) find
  118. scikit-learn developers: scikit-learn: Bayesian Ridge Regression. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn. linear model.BayesianRidge.html. Accessed: 2021-04-15 ↗
  119. Bishop, C.M.: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2006) find
  120. Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., White, H.: Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Networks 2(5), 359–366 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8 ↗
  121. Villalobos, P., Sevilla, J., Heim, L., Besiroglu, T., Hobbhahn, M., Ho, A.: Will we run out of data? an analysis of the limits of scaling datasets in machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.04325 (2022) ↗
  122. Epoch: Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning. https://epochai.org/data/pcd (2022) ↗
  123. Zhuang, F., Qi, Z., Duan, K., Xi, D., Zhu, Y., Zhu, H., Xiong, H., He, Q.: A comprehensive survey on transfer learning. Proceedings of the IEEE 109, 43–76 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3004555 ↗
  124. Ribani, R., Marengoni, M.: A survey of transfer learning for convolutional neural networks. In: 2019 32nd SIBGRAPI Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images Tutorials (SIBGRAPI-T), pp. 47–57 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/sibgrapi-t.2019.00010. IEEE ↗
  125. Dosovitskiy, A., Beyer, L., Kolesnikov, A., Weissenborn, D., Zhai, X., Unterthiner, T., Dehghani, M., Minderer, M., Heigold, G., Gelly, S., Uszkoreit, J., Houlsby, N.: An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale. arXiv (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2010.11929 ↗
  126. Willemink, M.J., Roth, H.R., Sandfort, V.: Toward foundational deep learning models for medical imaging in the new era of transformer networks. Radiology: Artificial Intelligence 4(6), 210284 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.210284 ↗
  127. Thambawita, V., Strümke, I., Hicks, S.A., Halvorsen, P., Parasa, S., Riegler, M.A.: Impact of image resolution on deep learning performance in endoscopy image classification: An experimental study using a large dataset of endoscopic images. Diagnostics 11(12), 2183 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122183 ↗
  128. Haja, A., Schomaker, L.R.B.: A fully automated end-to-end process for fluorescence microscopy images of yeast cells: From segmentation to detection and classification. In: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, pp. 37–46. Springer, ??? (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3880-0 5 ↗
  129. Campanella, G., Hanna, M.G., Geneslaw, L., Miraflor, A., Silva, V.W.K., Busam, K.J., Brogi, E., Reuter, V.E., Klimstra, D.S., Fuchs, T.J.: Clinical-grade computational pathology using weakly supervised deep learning on whole slide images. Nature Medicine 25(8), 1301–1309 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0508-1 ↗
  130. Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S.M., Tyson, J.A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S.F., Andrew, J., et al.: Lsst: from science drivers to reference design and anticipated data products. The Astrophysical Journal 873(2), 111 (2019) find
  131. Liu, C., Zoph, B., Neumann, M., Shlens, J., Hua, W., Li, L.-J., Fei-Fei, L., Yuille, A., Huang, J., Murphy, K.: Progressive neural architecture search. In: Computer Vision – ECCV 2018, pp. 19–35. Springer, ??? (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01246-5 2 ↗
  132. Ulrich, E.C., Cross, F.M., Fuller, R.E.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XV. Qumran Cave 4.X, The Prophets. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997) find
  133. Brooke, G., Collins, J., Elgvin, T., Flint, P., Greenfield, J., Larson, E., Newsom, C., Puech, E., Schiffman, L., Stone, M., Trebolle Barrera, J., VanderKam, J.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXII: Qumran Cave 4. XVII, Parabiblical Texts, Part 3. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997) find
  134. Puech, E.: La Lettre essénienne MMT dans le manuscrit 4Q397 et les parallèles. Revue de Qumran 27, 99–135 (2015). https://doi.org/10.2143/RQ.27.1.3129665 ↗
  135. Qimron, E., Strugnell, J.: Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Volume X. Qumran Cave 4.V, Miqs.at Ma , aśe Ha-Torah. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1994) find
  136. Doudna, G.: Dating the scrolls on the basis of radiocarbon analysis. In: Flint, P.W., VanderKam, J.C. (eds.) The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, Volume One, pp. 430–471. Brill, Leiden (1998) find
  137. Carmi, I.: Are the 14 C dates of the Dead Sea Scrolls affected by castor oil contamination? Radiocarbon 44, 213–216 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064808 ↗

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/langstream-2024-popovic-dating-ancient-manuscripts-using-radiocarbon/