abacus

Who acts: abacus, beads, Pythagoreans, earliest abacus, my, We · What happens: be, slide, use, do, accord, originate · To what, where: frame, wires, sums, flat slab, buildings, strokes

«abacus» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: abacus in the Judaism dictionary.

Meaning 1

An abacus is a frame with rows of beads that slide along wires or rods, used for counting and doing sums.

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 abacus	det
2	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 frame	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 frame	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 frame	det
5	frame	frame	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 rows	case
7	rows	row	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 frame	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 beads	case
9	beads	bead	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 rows	nmod
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 slide	nsubj
11	slide	slide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 beads	acl:relcl
12	along	along	ADP	_	13 wires	case
13	wires	wire	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 slide	obl
14	or	or	CCONJ	_	15 rods	cc
15	rods	rod	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 wires	conj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 used	punct
17	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 wires	acl
18	for	for	ADP	_	19 counting	case
19	counting	counting	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 used	obl
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	21 doing	cc
21	doing	do	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	19 counting	conj
22	sums	sum	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 doing	obj
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 frame	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a abacus	a frame		with rows of beads	tree rules
2	slide	present	beads		wires or rods		vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along wire=Trajectory
3	use	participle		wires or rods not said here		for counting	vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	do	gerund		sums			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sum=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

In buildings, an abacus is the flat slab on top of a column (architecture word).

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 buildings	case
2	buildings	building	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 slab	obl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 buildings	punct
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 abacus	det
5	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 slab	nsubj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 slab	cop
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 slab	det
8	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 slab	amod
9	slab	slab	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	on	on	ADP	_	11 top	case
11	top	top	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 slab	nmod
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 column	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 column	det
14	column	column	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 top	nmod
15	(	(	PUNCT	_	17 word	punct
16	architecture	architecture	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 word	compound
17	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 column	appos
18	)	)	PUNCT	_	17 word	punct
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 slab	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a abacus	the flat slab		buildings		on top of a column	tree rules

Example 1

')) Some Pythagoreans used the strokes with the principle of |iosi- tion without a zero in the columns of an abacus i Ur. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

Sentence 1: ')) Some Pythagoreans used the strokes with the principle of |iosi- tion without a zero in the columns of an abacus i Ur.

The tree, 23 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	'	'	PUNCT	_	5 used	punct
2	))	))	SCONJ	_	5 used	mark
3	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	4 Pythagoreans	det
4	Pythagoreans	Pythagorean	PROPN	Number=Plur	5 used	nsubj
5	used	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 strokes	det
7	strokes	stroke	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 used	obj
8	with	with	ADP	_	10 principle	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 principle	det
10	principle	principle	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 strokes	nmod
11	of	of	ADP	_	15 tion	case
12	\|	\|	PUNCT	_	11 of	punct
13	iosi	iosi	X	Foreign=Yes	15 tion	dep
14	-	-	PUNCT	_	15 tion	punct
15	tion	tion	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 principle	nmod
16	without	without	ADP	_	18 zero	case
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 zero	det
18	zero	zero	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 used	obl
19	in	in	ADP	_	21 columns	case
20	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 columns	det
21	columns	column	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 zero	nmod
22	of	of	ADP	_	24 abacus	case
23	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	24 abacus	det
24	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 columns	nmod
25	i	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	26 Ur	nsubj
26	Ur	Ur	PROPN	Number=Sing	24 abacus	appos
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past	some Pythagoreans	the strokes				with the principle of tion; without a zero in the columns of a abacus	vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stroke=Patient

Sentence 2: (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Mordell	punct
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 Origin	punct
4	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 Origin	det
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Mordell	appos
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 Letters	case
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 Origin	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 Numerals	cc
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 Letters	conj
10	according	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 Sefer	case
11	to	to	ADP	_	10 according	fixed
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Mordell	nmod
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 Sefer	flat
14	(	(	PUNCT	_	15 1914	punct
15	1914	1914	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	2 Mordell	list
16	))	))	PUNCT	_	2 Mordell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accord	gerund							vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent

Example 2

In my opinion, the sexagesimal position originated from the decimal position, and not the reverse ; for the earliest abacus, which was doubtless based on a decimal position, is older than the (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

The tree, 43 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 opinion	case
2	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 opinion	nmod:poss
3	opinion	opinion	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 older	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 opinion	punct
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 position	det
6	sexagesimal	sexagesimal	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 position	compound
7	position	position	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 opinion	conj
8	originated	originate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 position	acl
9	from	from	ADP	_	12 position	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 position	det
11	decimal	decimal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 position	amod
12	position	position	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 originated	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 reverse	punct
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 reverse	cc
15	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	17 reverse	advmod
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 reverse	det
17	reverse	reverse	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 opinion	conj
18	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 abacus	punct
19	for	for	ADP	_	22 abacus	case
20	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	22 abacus	det
21	earliest	early	ADJ	Degree=Sup	22 abacus	amod
22	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 opinion	conj
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 doubtless	punct
24	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	26 doubtless	nsubj
25	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	26 doubtless	cop
26	doubtless	doubtless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 abacus	conj
27	based	base	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	26 doubtless	acl
28	on	on	ADP	_	31 position	case
29	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	31 position	det
30	decimal	decimal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 position	amod
31	position	position	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 based	obl
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 opinion	punct
33	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	34 older	cop
34	older	old	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
35	than	than	ADP	_	38 Mordell	case
36	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	38 Mordell	det
37	(	(	PUNCT	_	38 Mordell	punct
38	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	Number=Sing	34 older	obl
39	,	,	PUNCT	_	41 Origin	punct
40	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	41 Origin	det
41	Origin	Origin	PROPN	Number=Sing	38 Mordell	appos
42	of	of	ADP	_	43 Letters	case
43	Letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	41 Origin	nmod
44	and	and	CCONJ	_	45 Numerals	cc
45	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	43 Letters	conj
46	according	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	48 Sefer	case
47	to	to	ADP	_	46 according	fixed
48	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	43 Letters	nmod
49	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	48 Sefer	flat
50	(	(	PUNCT	_	51 1914	punct
51	1914	1914	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	41 Origin	flat
52	))	))	PUNCT	_	41 Origin	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	originate	participle		the sexagesimal position not said here	the decimal position		vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	is	past	the earliest abacus			doubtless property	tree rules
3	base	participle			a decimal position		vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent on position=Source
4	is	present			my opinion and the sexagesimal position and the reverse and the earliest abacus	than the Mordell; old property	tree rules
5	accord	gerund					vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent
6	opine		my				nom opinion «cognition transitive»: poss=agent

Example 3

We used an abacus to add 27 and 15.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 used	nsubj
2	used	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 abacus	det
4	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 used	obj
5	to	to	PART	_	6 add	mark
6	add	add	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 used	advcl
7	27	27	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 add	obj
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 15	cc
9	15	15	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	7 27	conj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past	We	a abacus					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent abacus=Patient
2	add speech: assert	to-infinitive	We not said here	27					vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 27=Patient

Example 4

On the abacus, the top row shows hundreds and the bottom row shows ones.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	On	on	ADP	_	3 abacus	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 abacus	det
3	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 shows	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 abacus	punct
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 row	det
6	top	top	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 row	amod
7	row	row	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 shows	nsubj
8	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 shows	obj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 shows	cc
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 row	det
12	bottom	bottom	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 row	amod
13	row	row	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 shows	nsubj
14	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 shows	conj
15	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 shows	obj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 shows	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	the top row	hundreds		the abacus			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent hundred=Recipient
2	show	present	the bottom row	ones					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent one=Recipient

Example 5

Some children in Japan learn very fast mental maths with a soroban abacus.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 children	det
2	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 learn	nsubj
3	in	in	ADP	_	4 Japan	case
4	Japan	Japan	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 children	nmod
5	learn	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	very	very	ADV	_	7 fast	advmod
7	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 mental	advmod
8	mental	mental	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 maths	amod
9	maths	math	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 learn	obj
10	with	with	ADP	_	13 abacus	case
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 abacus	det
12	soroban	soroban	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 abacus	amod
13	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 learn	obl
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 learn	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	learn	present	some children in Japan	mental maths				with a soroban abacus	vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent math=Topic

Example 6

The abacus was used long before calculators.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 abacus	det
2	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 used	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 used	aux:pass
4	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	4 used	advmod
6	before	before	ADP	_	7 calculators	case
7	calculators	calculator	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 used	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past · passive		the abacus			before calculators	long property	vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Example 7

Move three beads to the left to add three.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Move	move	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	3 beads	nummod
3	beads	bead	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Move	obj
4	to	to	ADP	_	6 left	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 left	det
6	left	left	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Move	obl
7	to	to	PART	_	8 add	mark
8	add	add	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Move	advcl
9	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 add	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Move	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	imperative	you not said here	three beads		the left			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent bead=Theme to left=Trajectory
2	add speech: assert	to-infinitive	you not said here	three					vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent three=Patient

Example 8

My little brother counts the coloured beads on his toy abacus.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	My	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 brother	nmod:poss
2	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 brother	amod
3	brother	brother	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 counts	nsubj
4	counts	count	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 beads	det
6	coloured	coloured	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 beads	amod
7	beads	bead	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 counts	obj
8	on	on	ADP	_	11 abacus	case
9	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 abacus	nmod:poss
10	toy	toy	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 abacus	compound
11	abacus	abacus	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 beads	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 counts	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	count	present	My little brother	the coloured beads		brother's toy abacus			vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bead=Theme

Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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