aloft Who acts: air, captain, God, winner, Warm air, eagle · What happens: stay, hold up, hold, carry, bear, stamp · To what, where: cup, God, waters, fire, storms, twelve celestial constellations
«aloft» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: aloft in the Judaism dictionary .
Meaning 1 Up in the air or high above the ground: the kite stayed aloft for an hour.
The tree, 16 words advmod case det nsubj cc conj case det obl punct det nsubj xcomp case det obl punct root Up ADV in ADP the DET air NOUN or CCONJ high ADJ above ADP the DET ground NOUN : PUNCT the DET kite NOUN stayed VERB aloft ADJ for ADP an DET hour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Up up ADV _ 4 air advmod 2 in in ADP _ 4 air case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 air det 4 air air NOUN Number=Sing 13 stayed nsubj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 high cc 6 high high ADJ Degree=Pos 4 air conj 7 above above ADP _ 9 ground case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 ground det 9 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 6 high obl 10 : : PUNCT _ 13 stayed punct 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 kite det 12 kite kite NOUN Number=Sing 13 stayed nsubj 13 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 14 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 13 stayed xcomp 15 for for ADP _ 17 hour case 16 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 hour det 17 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 13 stayed obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 13 stayed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay past the air hour aloft property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Held up high: the captain held the cup aloft.
advcl compound:prt advmod punct det nsubj det obj xcomp punct root Held VERB up ADP high ADV : PUNCT the DET captain NOUN held VERB the DET cup NOUN aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Held hold VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 held advcl 2 up up ADP _ 1 Held compound:prt 3 high high ADV Degree=Pos 1 Held advmod 4 : : PUNCT _ 7 held punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 captain det 6 captain captain NOUN Number=Sing 7 held nsubj 7 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 cup det 9 cup cup NOUN Number=Sing 7 held obj 10 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 7 held xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold up participle the captain not said here high property vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot 2 hold past the captain the cup aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Theme
Meaning 3 Usage: on ships — kept apart, not parsed.
Up in the masts and sails.
advmod case det cc conj punct root Up ADV in ADP the DET masts NOUN and CCONJ sails NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Up up ADV _ 4 masts advmod 2 in in ADP _ 4 masts case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 masts det 4 masts mast NOUN Number=Plur root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 sails cc 6 sails sail NOUN Number=Plur 4 masts conj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 masts punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 God has carried these through waters, He has borne them aloft through fire, and He has stamped them in the storms of the air; He has distributed them among the seven stars, and has assigned them to twelve celestial constellations. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)
Sentence 1: God has carried these through waters, He has borne them aloft through fire, and He has stamped them in the storms of the air; He has distributed them among the seven stars, and has assigned them to twelve celestial constellations.
The tree, 40 words nsubj:pass aux obj case obl punct nsubj aux conj obj xcomp case obl punct cc nsubj aux conj obj case det obl case det nmod punct nsubj aux conj obj case det nummod obl punct cc aux conj obj case nummod compound obl punct root God PROPN has AUX carried VERB these PRON through ADP waters NOUN , PUNCT He PRON has AUX borne VERB them PRON aloft ADJ through ADP fire NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ He PRON has AUX stamped VERB them PRON in ADP the DET storms NOUN of ADP the DET air NOUN ; PUNCT He PRON has AUX distributed VERB them PRON among ADP the DET seven NUM stars NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ has AUX assigned VERB them PRON to ADP twelve NUM celestial NOUN constellations NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 God God PROPN Number=Sing 3 carried nsubj:pass 2 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 carried aux 3 carried carry VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 these this PRON Number=Plur PronType=Dem 3 carried obj 5 through through ADP _ 6 waters case 6 waters water NOUN Number=Plur 3 carried obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 borne punct 8 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 borne nsubj 9 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 borne aux 10 borne bear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 3 carried conj 11 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 borne obj 12 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 10 borne xcomp 13 through through ADP _ 14 fire case 14 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 10 borne obl 15 , , PUNCT _ 19 stamped punct 16 and and CCONJ _ 19 stamped cc 17 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 stamped nsubj 18 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 19 stamped aux 19 stamped stamp VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 3 carried conj 20 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 stamped obj 21 in in ADP _ 23 storms case 22 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 23 storms det 23 storms storm NOUN Number=Plur 19 stamped obl 24 of of ADP _ 26 air case 25 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 26 air det 26 air air NOUN Number=Sing 23 storms nmod 27 ; ; PUNCT _ 30 distributed punct 28 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 30 distributed nsubj 29 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 30 distributed aux 30 distributed distribute VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 3 carried conj 31 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 30 distributed obj 32 among among ADP _ 35 stars case 33 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 35 stars det 34 seven seven NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 35 stars nummod 35 stars star NOUN Number=Plur 30 distributed obl 36 , , PUNCT _ 39 assigned punct 37 and and CCONJ _ 39 assigned cc 38 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 39 assigned aux 39 assigned assign VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 30 distributed conj 40 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 39 assigned obj 41 to to ADP _ 44 constellations case 42 twelve twelve NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 44 constellations nummod 43 celestial celestial NOUN Number=Sing 44 constellations compound 44 constellations constellation NOUN Number=Plur 39 assigned obl 45 . . PUNCT _ 3 carried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carry present · perfect · passive God waters vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary this=Value 2 bear present · perfect God waters = water fire aloft property vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient 3 stamp present · perfect God waters = water the storms of the air vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme in storm=Destination 4 distribute present · perfect God waters = water among the seven stars vn contribute-13.2-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Theme among star=Recipient 5 assign present · perfect God not said here waters = water to twelve celestial constellations goal vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent they=Theme to constellation=Goal 6 storm the air nom storm «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent
Sentence 2: (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1887)
punct flat punct conj flat punct root ( PUNCT Sefer PROPN Yetzirah PROPN , PUNCT Westcott PROPN 1887 NUM ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 Sefer punct 2 Sefer Sefer PROPN Number=Sing root root 3 Yetzirah Yetzirah PROPN Number=Sing 2 Sefer flat 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 Westcott punct 5 Westcott Westcott PROPN Number=Sing 2 Sefer conj 6 1887 1887 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 Westcott flat 7 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 Sefer punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 2 The winner held the trophy aloft.
det nsubj det obj xcomp punct root The DET winner NOUN held VERB the DET trophy NOUN aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 winner det 2 winner winner NOUN Number=Sing 3 held nsubj 3 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 trophy det 5 trophy trophy NOUN Number=Sing 3 held obj 6 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 held xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold past the winner the trophy aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trophy=Theme
Example 3 Warm air keeps the hot-air balloon aloft.
amod nsubj det amod punct compound obj xcomp punct root Warm ADJ air NOUN keeps VERB the DET hot ADJ - PUNCT air NOUN balloon NOUN aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Warm warm ADJ Degree=Pos 2 air amod 2 air air NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps nsubj 3 keeps keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 balloon det 5 hot hot ADJ Degree=Pos 7 air amod 6 - - PUNCT _ 5 hot punct 7 air air NOUN Number=Sing 8 balloon compound 8 balloon balloon NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps obj 9 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 keeps xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 keeps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep present Warm air the air balloon aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent balloon=Theme
Example 4 The eagle stayed aloft without flapping its wings.
det nsubj xcomp mark advcl nmod:poss obj punct root The DET eagle NOUN stayed VERB aloft ADJ without SCONJ flapping VERB its PRON wings NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 eagle det 2 eagle eagle NOUN Number=Sing 3 stayed nsubj 3 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 stayed xcomp 5 without without SCONJ _ 6 flapping mark 6 flapping flap VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 stayed advcl 7 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 wings nmod:poss 8 wings wing NOUN Number=Plur 6 flapping obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 stayed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay past the eagle aloft property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 flap gerund the eagle not said here eagle's wings vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient
Example 5 Sailors climbed aloft to fix the sail.
nsubj xcomp mark advcl det obj punct root Sailors NOUN climbed VERB aloft ADJ to PART fix VERB the DET sail NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sailors sailor NOUN Number=Plur 2 climbed nsubj 2 climbed climb VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 2 climbed xcomp 4 to to PART _ 5 fix mark 5 fix fix VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 climbed advcl 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 sail det 7 sail sail NOUN Number=Sing 5 fix obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 climbed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 climb past Sailors aloft property vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 fix to-infinitive Sailors not said here the sail vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent sail=Patient
Example 6 The kite was aloft for nearly an hour.
det nsubj cop case advmod det obl punct root The DET kite NOUN was AUX aloft ADJ for ADP nearly ADV an DET hour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 kite det 2 kite kite NOUN Number=Sing 4 aloft nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 aloft cop 4 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 for for ADP _ 8 hour case 6 nearly nearly ADV _ 8 hour advmod 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 hour det 8 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 4 aloft obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 aloft punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the kite hour aloft property tree rules
Example 7 She held the torch aloft so we could see.
nsubj det obj xcomp mark nsubj aux advcl punct root She PRON held VERB the DET torch NOUN aloft ADJ so SCONJ we PRON could AUX see VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 held nsubj 2 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 torch det 4 torch torch NOUN Number=Sing 2 held obj 5 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 2 held xcomp 6 so so SCONJ _ 9 see mark 7 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 see nsubj 8 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 see aux 9 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 held advcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold past She the torch aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Theme 2 see could we vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
Example 8 A Hawk observed it, and, pouncing upon it with his talons, carried it aloft.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj obj punct cc punct advcl case obl case nmod:poss obl punct conj obj xcomp punct root A DET Hawk PROPN observed VERB it PRON , PUNCT and CCONJ , PUNCT pouncing VERB upon ADP it PRON with ADP his PRON talons NOUN , PUNCT carried VERB it PRON aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 Hawk det 2 Hawk Hawk PROPN Number=Sing 3 observed nsubj 3 observed observe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 observed obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 15 carried punct 6 and and CCONJ _ 15 carried cc 7 , , PUNCT _ 6 and punct 8 pouncing pounce VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 15 carried advcl 9 upon upon ADP _ 10 it case 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 pouncing obl 11 with with ADP _ 13 talons case 12 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 talons nmod:poss 13 talons talon NOUN Number=Plur 8 pouncing obl 14 , , PUNCT _ 8 pouncing punct 15 carried carry VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 observed conj 16 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 carried obj 17 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 15 carried xcomp 18 . . PUNCT _ 3 observed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 observe past a Hawk it vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic 2 pounce gerund upon Hawk; with his talons vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon it=Trajectory 3 carry past a Hawk not said here Hawk aloft property vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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