hardness

Who acts: Hardness, Thou, Thy, We, Diamond, wood · What happens: be, resist, scratch, dent, press, mean · To what, where: many minerals, Hardness, softness, them, rocks, greatest hardness

«hardness» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: hardness in the Judaism dictionary.

Meaning 1

Hardness is how hard something is: how well it resists being scratched, dented or pressed.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hard	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 hard	cop
3	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	4 hard	advmod
4	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	6 is	nsubj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 hard	cop
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	11 resists	punct
8	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	9 well	advmod
9	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	11 resists	advmod
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 resists	nsubj
11	resists	resist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 hard	conj
12	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	13 scratched	aux:pass
13	scratched	scratch	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 resists	xcomp
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 dented	punct
15	dented	dent	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 resists	advcl
16	or	or	CCONJ	_	17 pressed	cc
17	pressed	press	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	15 dented	conj
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 hard	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	Hardness	hard property	tree rules
2	resist	present	Hardness	well property	tree rules
3	scratch	gerund · passive	Hardness not said here		vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»
4	dent	participle	Hardness not said here		vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
5	press	participle	Hardness not said here		vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Hardness of water means how many minerals, like calcium, are dissolved in it.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 means	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	3 water	case
3	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Hardness	nmod
4	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	6 many	advmod
6	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 minerals	amod
7	minerals	mineral	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 means	obj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 calcium	punct
9	like	like	ADP	_	10 calcium	case
10	calcium	calcium	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 minerals	appos
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 dissolved	punct
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 dissolved	aux:pass
13	dissolved	dissolve	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 means	parataxis
14	in	in	ADP	_	15 it	case
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 dissolved	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Hardness of water	many minerals					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mineral=Topic
2	dissolve	present · passive				Hardness			vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»

Meaning 3

Hardness can mean being harsh or unkind (hardness of heart).

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 mean	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 mean	aux
3	mean	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 harsh	cop
5	harsh	harsh	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 mean	obj
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	7 unkind	cc
7	unkind	unkind	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 harsh	conj
8	(	(	PUNCT	_	9 hardness	punct
9	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 harsh	appos
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 heart	case
11	heart	heart	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 hardness	nmod
12	)	)	PUNCT	_	9 hardness	punct
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	mean	can	Hardness		vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
2	is	gerund		harsh property	tree rules
3	be				tree rules

Example 1

The [33] seven double letters, בגד כפרת with a duplicity of pronunciation, aspirated and unaspirated, namely: ,תּת ,רּר ,פּפ ,כּכ ,דּד ,גּג ,בּב serve as a model of softness and hardness, strength and weakness. (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

Sentence 1: The [33] seven double letters, בגד כפרת with a duplicity of pronunciation, aspirated and unaspirated, namely: ,תּת ,רּר ,פּפ ,כּכ ,דּד ,גּג ,בּב serve as a model of softness and hardness, strength and weakness.

The tree, 34 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 letters	det
2	[	[	PUNCT	_	3 33	punct
3	33	33	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	7 letters	nummod
4	]	]	PUNCT	_	3 33	punct
5	seven	seven	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 letters	nummod
6	double	double	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 letters	amod
7	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 כפרת	punct
9	בגד	בגד	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 כפרת	compound
10	כפרת	כפרת	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 letters	conj
11	with	with	ADP	_	13 duplicity	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 duplicity	det
13	duplicity	duplicity	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 כפרת	nmod
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 pronunciation	case
15	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 duplicity	nmod
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 aspirated	punct
17	aspirated	aspirate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 letters	conj
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 unaspirated	cc
19	unaspirated	unaspirated	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 aspirated	conj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 namely	punct
21	namely	namely	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 unaspirated	conj
22	:	:	PUNCT	_	24 תּת	punct
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 תּת	punct
24	תּת	תּת	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 letters	conj
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 רּר	punct
26	רּר	רּר	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
27	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 פּפ	punct
28	פּפ	פּפ	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 כּכ	punct
30	כּכ	כּכ	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
31	,	,	PUNCT	_	32 דּד	punct
32	דּד	דּד	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
33	,	,	PUNCT	_	34 גּג	punct
34	גּג	גּג	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
35	,	,	PUNCT	_	37 serve	punct
36	בּב	בּב	ADJ	Degree=Pos	37 serve	amod
37	serve	serve	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
38	as	as	ADP	_	40 model	case
39	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	40 model	det
40	model	model	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	nmod
41	of	of	ADP	_	42 softness	case
42	softness	softness	NOUN	Number=Sing	40 model	nmod
43	and	and	CCONJ	_	44 hardness	cc
44	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
45	,	,	PUNCT	_	46 strength	punct
46	strength	strength	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
47	and	and	CCONJ	_	48 weakness	cc
48	weakness	weakness	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 תּת	conj
49	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 letters	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	aspirate	participle							tree rules
2	model			softness					nom model «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Sentence 2: (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Sefer	punct
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Sefer	flat
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 Kalisch	punct
5	Kalisch	Kalisch	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Sefer	conj
6	1877	1877	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	5 Kalisch	flat
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Sefer	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 2

Thou wilt give them hardness of heart, Thy curse unto them. (Writings LAM.3.65, JPS 1917)

Sentence 1: Thou wilt give them hardness of heart, Thy curse unto them.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Thou	thou	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Style=Arch	3 give	nsubj
2	wilt	will	AUX	Style=Arch VerbForm=Fin	3 give	aux
3	give	give	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 give	iobj
5	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 give	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 heart	case
7	heart	heart	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 hardness	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 curse	punct
9	Thy	thy	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs Style=Arch	10 curse	nmod:poss
10	curse	curse	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 give	obl
11	unto	unto	ADP	_	12 them	case
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 curse	nmod
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 give	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	future	Thou	hardness of heart	them = they			Thy curse unto them obl	vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient hardness=Theme
2	curse		Thy					unto them = they	nom curse «communication transitive»: poss=agent unto=obl

Sentence 2: (Writings LAM.3.65, JPS 1917)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	LAM.3.65	LAM.3.65	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Writings	appos
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 JPS	punct
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 LAM.3.65	flat
6	1917	1917	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 LAM.3.65	flat
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 3

We tested the hardness of different rocks by scratching them.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 tested	nsubj
2	tested	test	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 hardness	det
4	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 tested	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 rocks	case
6	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 rocks	amod
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 hardness	nmod
8	by	by	SCONJ	_	9 scratching	mark
9	scratching	scratch	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 tested	advcl
10	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 scratching	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 tested	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	test	past	We	the hardness of different rocks					vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hardness=Theme
2	scratch	gerund	We not said here	rocks = rock					vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Example 4

Diamond has the greatest hardness of any natural material.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Diamond	diamond	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 hardness	det
4	greatest	great	ADJ	Degree=Sup	5 hardness	amod
5	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 has	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	9 material	case
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	9 material	det
8	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 material	amod
9	material	material	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 hardness	nmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Diamond	the greatest hardness of any natural material					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hardness=Patient

Example 5

The hardness of the wood made it difficult to hammer a nail in.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hardness	det
2	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 made	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 wood	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 wood	det
5	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hardness	nmod
6	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 made	obj
8	difficult	difficult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 made	xcomp
9	to	to	PART	_	10 hammer	mark
10	hammer	hammer	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 difficult	xcomp
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 nail	det
12	nail	nail	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 hammer	obj
13	in	in	ADP	_	10 hammer	compound:prt
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	the hardness of the wood	wood				difficult property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product
2	hammer in	to-infinitive	wood not said here	a nail					vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nail=Patient

Example 6

Talc is at the bottom of the hardness scale.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Talc	talc	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bottom	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 bottom	cop
3	at	at	ADP	_	5 bottom	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 bottom	det
5	bottom	bottom	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	9 scale	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 scale	det
8	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 scale	compound
9	scale	scale	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bottom	nmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 bottom	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Talc			the bottom		of the hardness scale	tree rules

Example 7

Hard water leaves white marks in the kettle.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 water	amod
2	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 leaves	nsubj
3	leaves	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 marks	amod
5	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 leaves	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 kettle	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 kettle	det
8	kettle	kettle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 leaves	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 leaves	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leave	present	Hard water	white marks		the kettle			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent mark=Theme in kettle=Location

Example 8

The hardness in his voice surprised her.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hardness	det
2	hardness	hardness	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 surprised	nsubj
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 voice	case
4	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 voice	nmod:poss
5	voice	voice	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hardness	nmod
6	surprised	surprise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	her	she	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 surprised	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 surprised	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	surprise	past	the hardness in hardness's voice	her = she					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus she=Experiencer

Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/H/hardness/