afraid Who acts: Afraid, something, I, you, it, She · What happens: mean, feel, happen, be, say, disappoint · To what, where: fear, polite way, something, we, wind, deep end · Speech: someone speaks here
«afraid» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: afraid in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Afraid means feeling fear, scared that something bad might happen.
nsubj xcomp obj punct conj mark nsubj amod aux ccomp punct root Afraid ADJ means VERB feeling VERB fear NOUN , PUNCT scared ADJ that SCONJ something PRON bad ADJ might AUX happen VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 feeling feel VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 means xcomp 4 fear fear NOUN Number=Sing 3 feeling obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 scared punct 6 scared scared ADJ Degree=Pos 4 fear conj 7 that that SCONJ _ 11 happen mark 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 11 happen nsubj 9 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 8 something amod 10 might might AUX VerbForm=Fin 11 happen aux 11 happen happen VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 scared ccomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Afraid vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 feel not said to happen gerund Afraid not said here fear vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fear=Theme 3 happen might something vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Afraid of something means scared of it: afraid of the dark.
nsubj case nmod xcomp case obl punct conj case det obl punct root Afraid PROPN of ADP something PRON means VERB scared ADJ of ADP it PRON : PUNCT afraid ADJ of ADP the DET dark NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Afraid Afraid PROPN Number=Sing 4 means nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 something case 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Afraid nmod 4 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 scared scared ADJ Degree=Pos 4 means xcomp 6 of of ADP _ 7 it case 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 scared obl 8 : : PUNCT _ 9 afraid punct 9 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 4 means conj 10 of of ADP _ 12 dark case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 dark det 12 dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 9 afraid obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Afraid of something scared property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 «I'm afraid» is a polite way to say something sorry or disappointing.
The tree, 13 words punct nsubj cop nsubj punct cop det amod mark acl obj amod cc conj punct root « PUNCT I PRON 'm AUX afraid ADJ » PUNCT is AUX a DET polite ADJ way NOUN to PART say VERB something PRON sorry ADJ or CCONJ disappointing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 afraid nsubj 3 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 afraid cop 4 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 9 way nsubj 5 » » PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 way cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 way det 8 polite polite ADJ Degree=Pos 9 way amod 9 way way NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 to to PART _ 11 say mark 11 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 way acl 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 11 say obj 13 sorry sorry ADJ Degree=Pos 12 something amod 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 disappointing cc 15 disappointing disappoint VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 13 sorry conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 9 way punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is in a quote present I afraid property tree rules 2 is a present afraid a polite way tree rules 3 say speech: assert to-infinitive something vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent something=Topic 4 disappoint gerund tree rules
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
I'm afraid we are closed.
nsubj cop nsubj aux:pass ccomp punct root I PRON 'm AUX afraid ADJ we PRON are AUX closed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 2 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 closed nsubj 5 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 closed aux:pass 6 closed close VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 afraid ccomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present I afraid property tree rules 2 close present · passive we vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Example 1 I am afraid of spiders.
nsubj cop case obl punct root I PRON am AUX afraid ADJ of ADP spiders NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 2 am be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 of of ADP _ 5 spiders case 5 spiders spider NOUN Number=Plur 3 afraid obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present I of spiders; afraid property tree rules
Example 2 Don't be afraid, it is only the wind.
advmod cop obj punct nsubj cop advmod det obl punct root Do VERB n't PART be AUX afraid ADJ , PUNCT it PRON is AUX only ADV the DET wind NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 afraid advmod 3 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 4 afraid cop 4 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Do obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 10 wind punct 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 wind nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 wind cop 8 only only ADV _ 10 wind advmod 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 wind det 10 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 4 afraid obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Do punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do imperative you not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 not is infinitive afraid property tree rules 3 is a present it the wind tree rules
Example 3 She was afraid to jump into the deep end.
nsubj cop mark xcomp case det amod obl punct root She PRON was AUX afraid ADJ to PART jump VERB into ADP the DET deep ADJ end NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to PART _ 5 jump mark 5 jump jump VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 afraid xcomp 6 into into ADP _ 9 end case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 end det 8 deep deep ADJ Degree=Pos 9 end amod 9 end end NOUN Number=Sing 5 jump obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past She afraid property tree rules 2 jump to-infinitive She not said here into the deep end vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into end=Result
Example 4 I'm afraid the shop is closed.
nsubj cop det nsubj:pass aux:pass ccomp punct root I PRON 'm AUX afraid ADJ the DET shop NOUN is AUX closed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 2 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 shop det 5 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 7 closed nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 closed aux:pass 7 closed close VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 afraid ccomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present I afraid property tree rules 2 close present · passive the shop vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Example 5 The puppy was afraid of the thunder.
det nsubj cop case det obl punct root The DET puppy NOUN was AUX afraid ADJ of ADP the DET thunder NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 puppy det 2 puppy puppy NOUN Number=Sing 4 afraid nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 afraid cop 4 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 of of ADP _ 7 thunder case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 thunder det 7 thunder thunder NOUN Number=Sing 4 afraid obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the puppy of the thunder; afraid property tree rules
Example 6 Are you afraid of the dark?
cop nsubj case det obl punct root Are AUX you PRON afraid ADJ of ADP the DET dark NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 of of ADP _ 6 dark case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 dark det 6 dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 3 afraid obl 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present you of the dark; afraid property tree rules
Example 7 «Is it raining?» «I'm afraid so.»
Sentence 1: «Is it raining?»
punct aux nsubj punct punct root « PUNCT Is AUX it PRON raining VERB ? PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 raining punct 2 Is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 raining aux 3 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 raining nsubj 4 raining rain VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 raining punct 6 » » PUNCT _ 4 raining punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rain in a quote present · progressive it vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme»
Sentence 2: «I'm afraid so.»
punct nsubj cop advmod punct punct root « PUNCT I PRON 'm AUX afraid ADJ so ADV . PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 afraid nsubj 3 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 afraid cop 4 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 so so ADV _ 4 afraid advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct 7 » » PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is in a quote present I afraid property tree rules
Example 8 He was afraid that he would miss the bus.
nsubj cop mark nsubj aux ccomp det obj punct root He PRON was AUX afraid ADJ that SCONJ he PRON would AUX miss VERB the DET bus NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 7 miss mark 5 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 miss nsubj 6 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 miss aux 7 miss miss VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 afraid ccomp 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 bus det 9 bus bus NOUN Number=Sing 7 miss obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past He afraid property tree rules 2 miss would he the bus vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bus=Stimulus
Example 9 She was afraid, and didn't stir.
nsubj cop punct cc aux advmod conj punct root She PRON was AUX afraid ADJ , PUNCT and CCONJ did AUX n't PART stir VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 afraid nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 afraid cop 3 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 8 stir punct 5 and and CCONJ _ 8 stir cc 6 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 stir aux 7 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 8 stir advmod 8 stir stir VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 afraid conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past She afraid property tree rules 2 not stir past · do-support She not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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