arduous Who acts: Arduous, explorers, Climbing, Building, farmer, trek · What happens: mean, need, make, climb, be, build · To what, where: lot, arduous journey, ice, mountain, railway, arduous work · Speech: someone speaks here
«arduous» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: arduous in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Arduous means very hard and tiring, needing a lot of effort for a long time.
The tree, 15 words nsubj advmod ccomp cc conj punct conj det obj case nmod case det amod obl punct root Arduous ADJ means VERB very ADV hard ADJ and CCONJ tiring ADJ , PUNCT needing VERB a DET lot NOUN of ADP effort NOUN for ADP a DET long ADJ time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 very very ADV _ 4 hard advmod 4 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means ccomp 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 tiring cc 6 tiring tiring ADJ Degree=Pos 4 hard conj 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 needing punct 8 needing need VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 means conj 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 lot det 10 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 8 needing obj 11 of of ADP _ 12 effort case 12 effort effort NOUN Number=Sing 10 lot nmod 13 for for ADP _ 16 time case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 time det 15 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 16 time amod 16 time time NOUN Number=Sing 8 needing obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Arduous vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 need gerund Arduous not said here a lot of effort time vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 The explorers made an arduous journey across the ice.
det nsubj det amod obj case det obl punct root The DET explorers NOUN made VERB an DET arduous ADJ journey NOUN across ADP the DET ice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 explorers det 2 explorers explorer NOUN Number=Plur 3 made nsubj 3 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 journey det 5 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos 6 journey amod 6 journey journey NOUN Number=Sing 3 made obj 7 across across ADP _ 9 ice case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 ice det 9 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 3 made obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the explorers a arduous journey the ice vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset journey=Product
Example 2 Climbing the mountain was long and arduous.
csubj det obj cop cc conj punct root Climbing VERB the DET mountain NOUN was AUX long ADJ and CCONJ arduous ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Climbing climb VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 long csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 mountain det 3 mountain mountain NOUN Number=Sing 1 Climbing obj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 long cop 5 long long ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 arduous cc 7 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos 5 long conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 long punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 climb gerund the mountain vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location mountain=Theme 2 is past Climbing long property tree rules 3 be Climbing not said here tree rules
Example 3 Building the railway was arduous work.
csubj det obj cop amod punct root Building VERB the DET railway NOUN was AUX arduous ADJ work NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Building build VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 work csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 railway det 3 railway railway NOUN Number=Sing 1 Building obj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 work cop 5 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos 6 work amod 6 work work NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 work punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 build gerund the railway vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset railway=Product 2 is a past Building arduous work tree rules
Example 4 After an arduous day, the farmer fell asleep at once.
case det amod obl punct det nsubj xcomp case obl punct root After ADP an DET arduous ADJ day NOUN , PUNCT the DET farmer NOUN fell VERB asleep ADJ at ADP once ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 After after ADP _ 4 day case 2 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 day det 3 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos 4 day amod 4 day day NOUN Number=Sing 8 fell obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 day punct 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 farmer det 7 farmer farmer NOUN Number=Sing 8 fell nsubj 8 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 asleep asleep ADJ Degree=Pos 8 fell xcomp 10 at at ADP _ 11 once case 11 once once ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Mult 8 fell obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall past the farmer day asleep property vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme at once=Location
Example 5 The pioneers' trek west was arduous and dangerous.
det nmod:poss case nsubj advmod cop cc conj punct root The DET pioneers NOUN ' PART trek NOUN west ADV was AUX arduous ADJ and CCONJ dangerous ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 pioneers det 2 pioneers pioneer NOUN Number=Plur 4 trek nmod:poss 3 ' 's PART _ 2 pioneers case 4 trek trek NOUN Number=Sing 7 arduous nsubj 5 west west ADV _ 7 arduous advmod 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 arduous cop 7 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 dangerous cc 9 dangerous dangerous ADJ Degree=Pos 7 arduous conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 arduous punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the pioneers's trek arduous, west property tree rules 2 be the pioneers's trek not said here tree rules
Example 6 Learning a new instrument can be arduous at first.
csubj det amod obj aux cop case obl punct root Learning VERB a DET new ADJ instrument NOUN can AUX be AUX arduous ADJ at ADP first ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 arduous csubj 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 instrument det 3 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 4 instrument amod 4 instrument instrument NOUN Number=Sing 1 Learning obj 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 arduous aux 6 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 arduous cop 7 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 at at ADP _ 9 first case 9 first first ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 7 arduous obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 arduous punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn gerund a new instrument vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instrument=Topic 2 is can Learning arduous property tree rules
Example 7 So the wife was very anxious while she helped her husband get ready for the long journey, knowing what an arduous task lay before him.
The tree, 25 words advmod det nsubj cop advmod mark nsubj advcl nmod:poss obj parataxis xcomp case det amod obl punct advcl obj det amod nsubj ccomp case obl punct root So ADV the DET wife NOUN was AUX very ADV anxious ADJ while SCONJ she PRON helped VERB her PRON husband NOUN get VERB ready ADJ for ADP the DET long ADJ journey NOUN , PUNCT knowing VERB what PRON an DET arduous ADJ task NOUN lay VERB before ADP him PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 So so ADV _ 6 anxious advmod 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 wife det 3 wife wife NOUN Number=Sing 6 anxious nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 anxious cop 5 very very ADV _ 6 anxious advmod 6 anxious anxious ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 while while SCONJ _ 9 helped mark 8 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 helped nsubj 9 helped help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 get advcl 10 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 husband nmod:poss 11 husband husband NOUN Number=Sing 9 helped obj 12 get get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 anxious parataxis 13 ready ready ADJ Degree=Pos 12 get xcomp 14 for for ADP _ 17 journey case 15 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 journey det 16 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 17 journey amod 17 journey journey NOUN Number=Sing 13 ready obl 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 knowing punct 19 knowing know VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 get advcl 20 what what PRON PronType=Int 24 lay obj 21 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 23 task det 22 arduous arduous ADJ Degree=Pos 23 task amod 23 task task NOUN Number=Sing 24 lay nsubj 24 lay lie VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 19 knowing ccomp 25 before before ADP _ 26 him case 26 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 24 lay obl 27 . . PUNCT _ 6 anxious punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the wife anxious property tree rules 2 help past wife wife's husband vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent husband=Beneficiary 3 get present ready property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer 4 know gerund vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 5 lie past a arduous task before husband vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location what=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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