backward Who acts: adjective, you, He, frog, She, video · What happens: mean, start, change, grow, count, take · To what, where: 20, number, 5 feet, alphabet, 10, pool · Speech: someone speaks here
«backward» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: backward in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Backward means toward the back, or in the direction behind you.
advmod case det obl punct cc case det parataxis case nmod punct root Backward ADV means VERB toward ADP the DET back NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ in ADP the DET direction NOUN behind ADP you PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Backward backward ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 toward toward ADP _ 5 back case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 back det 5 back back NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 10 direction punct 7 or or CCONJ _ 10 direction cc 8 in in ADP _ 10 direction case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 direction det 10 direction direction NOUN Number=Sing 2 means parataxis 11 behind behind ADP _ 12 you case 12 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 10 direction nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present toward the back; backward property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Backward means in the opposite order, from end to start.
advmod case det amod obl punct case parataxis mark acl punct root Backward ADV means VERB in ADP the DET opposite ADJ order NOUN , PUNCT from ADP end NOUN to PART start VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Backward backward ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 6 order case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 order det 5 opposite opposite ADJ Degree=Pos 6 order amod 6 order order NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 end punct 8 from from ADP _ 9 end case 9 end end NOUN Number=Sing 2 means parataxis 10 to to PART _ 11 start mark 11 start start VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 end acl 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present in the opposite order; backward property vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in order=Attribute 2 start to-infinitive vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Meaning 3 Backward (adjective) can mean slower to change or grow than others.
advmod punct nsubj punct aux xcomp mark xcomp cc conj case obl punct root Backward ADV ( PUNCT adjective NOUN ) PUNCT can AUX mean VERB slower ADJ to PART change VERB or CCONJ grow VERB than ADP others NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Backward backward ADV _ 6 mean advmod 2 ( ( PUNCT _ 3 adjective punct 3 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 6 mean nsubj 4 ) ) PUNCT _ 3 adjective punct 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 mean aux 6 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 slower slow ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 mean xcomp 8 to to PART _ 9 change mark 9 change change VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 slower xcomp 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 grow cc 11 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 change conj 12 than than ADP _ 13 others case 13 others other NOUN Number=Plur 11 grow obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can adjective backward, slow property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 change to-infinitive adjective not said here vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 grow infinitive adjective not said here than others vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 Count backward from 20 by 2s.
advmod case obl case obl punct root Count VERB backward ADV from ADP 20 NUM by ADP 2s NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Count count VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 backward backward ADV _ 1 Count advmod 3 from from ADP _ 4 20 case 4 20 20 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 1 Count obl 5 by by ADP _ 6 2s case 6 2s 2 NOUN Number=Plur 1 Count obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Count punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 count imperative you not said here 20 by 2s; backward property vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus
Example 2 He took 3 steps backward.
nsubj nummod obl:unmarked advmod punct root He PRON took VERB 3 NUM steps NOUN backward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 took nsubj 2 took take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 steps nummod 4 steps step NOUN Number=Plur 5 backward obl:unmarked 5 backward backward ADV _ 2 took advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 took punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take past He backward property vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 3 Read the number backward.
det obj advmod punct root Read VERB the DET number NOUN backward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Read read VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 number det 3 number number NOUN Number=Sing 1 Read obj 4 backward backward ADV _ 1 Read advmod 5 . . PUNCT _ 1 Read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read imperative you not said here the number backward property vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic
Example 4 The frog jumps 5 feet forward and 2 feet backward.
det nsubj nummod obj advmod cc nummod conj advmod punct root The DET frog NOUN jumps VERB 5 NUM feet NOUN forward ADV and CCONJ 2 NUM feet NOUN backward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 frog det 2 frog frog NOUN Number=Sing 3 jumps nsubj 3 jumps jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 feet nummod 5 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 3 jumps obj 6 forward forward ADV _ 3 jumps advmod 7 and and CCONJ _ 9 feet cc 8 2 2 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 feet nummod 9 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 3 jumps conj 10 backward backward ADV _ 3 jumps advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 jumps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 jump present the frog 5 feet backward, forward property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme foot=Trajectory
Example 5 She can say the alphabet backwards.
nsubj aux det obj advmod punct root She PRON can AUX say VERB the DET alphabet NOUN backwards ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 say nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 say aux 3 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 alphabet det 5 alphabet alphabet NOUN Number=Sing 3 say obj 6 backwards backwards ADV _ 3 say advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 say punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert can She the alphabet backwards property vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent alphabet=Topic
Example 6 Walk backward slowly and carefully.
advmod advmod cc conj punct root Walk VERB backward ADV slowly ADV and CCONJ carefully ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Walk walk VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 backward backward ADV _ 1 Walk advmod 3 slowly slowly ADV _ 1 Walk advmod 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 carefully cc 5 carefully carefully ADV _ 3 slowly conj 6 . . PUNCT _ 1 Walk punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 walk imperative you not said here backward, slowly property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 The video played backward.
det nsubj advmod punct root The DET video NOUN played VERB backward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 video det 2 video video NOUN Number=Sing 3 played nsubj 3 played play VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 backward backward ADV _ 3 played advmod 5 . . PUNCT _ 3 played punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 play past the video backward property vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 Count backward from 10 to 1 for the rocket launch.
advmod case obl case nmod case det compound obl punct root Count VERB backward ADV from ADP 10 NUM to ADP 1 NUM for ADP the DET rocket NOUN launch NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Count count VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 backward backward ADV _ 1 Count advmod 3 from from ADP _ 4 10 case 4 10 10 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 1 Count obl 5 to to ADP _ 6 1 case 6 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 10 nmod 7 for for ADP _ 10 launch case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 launch det 9 rocket rocket NOUN Number=Sing 10 launch compound 10 launch launch NOUN Number=Sing 1 Count obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Count punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 count imperative you not said here 10 to 1 for the rocket launch; backward property vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus
Example 9 He fell backward into the pool.
nsubj advmod case det obl punct root He PRON fell VERB backward ADV into ADP the DET pool NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 fell nsubj 2 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 backward backward ADV _ 2 fell advmod 4 into into ADP _ 6 pool case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 pool det 6 pool pool NOUN Number=Sing 2 fell obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall past He into the pool result ; backward property vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into pool=Result
Example 10 She bent over backwards to help us.
nsubj case obl mark advcl obj punct root She PRON bent VERB over ADP backwards ADV to PART help VERB us PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 bent nsubj 2 bent bend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 over over ADP _ 4 backwards case 4 backwards backwards ADV _ 2 bent obl 5 to to PART _ 6 help mark 6 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 bent advcl 7 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 help obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 bent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bend past She vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over backwards=Location 2 help to-infinitive She not said here us vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary
Example 11 He moved his head backwards and forwards and flew away.
nsubj nmod:poss obj advmod cc conj cc conj advmod punct root He PRON moved VERB his PRON head NOUN backwards ADV and CCONJ forwards ADV and CCONJ flew VERB away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 moved nsubj 2 moved move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 head nmod:poss 4 head head NOUN Number=Sing 2 moved obj 5 backwards backwards ADV _ 2 moved advmod 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 forwards cc 7 forwards forwards ADV _ 5 backwards conj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 flew cc 9 flew fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 moved conj 10 away away ADV _ 9 flew advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 moved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move past He his head backwards property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent head=Theme 2 fly away past He not said here away property vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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