bacterium

Who acts: bacterium, you, Bacteria, some, Washing, us · What happens: be, make, need, see, live, cause · To what, where: one tiny living thing, microscope, soil, illness, hands, bacteria

«bacterium» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: bacterium in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A bacterium is one tiny living thing made of a single cell, so small you need a microscope to see it.

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 bacterium	det
2	bacterium	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 thing	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 thing	cop
4	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 thing	nummod
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 thing	amod
6	living	living	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 thing	compound
7	thing	thing	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 thing	acl
9	of	of	ADP	_	12 cell	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 cell	det
11	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 cell	amod
12	cell	cell	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 made	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 need	punct
14	so	so	ADV	_	15 small	advmod
15	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 need	xcomp
16	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	17 need	nsubj
17	need	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 thing	parataxis
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 microscope	det
19	microscope	microscope	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 need	obj
20	to	to	PART	_	21 see	mark
21	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	17 need	advcl
22	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 see	obj
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 thing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a bacterium	one tiny living thing		tree rules
2	make	participle		one tiny living thing not said here	of a single cell	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
3	need	present	you	a microscope	small property	vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Pivot microscope=Theme
4	see	to-infinitive	you not said here	microscope		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Bacteria (plural) live almost everywhere: in soil, water, air and inside our bodies; some are helpful and some cause illness.

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 live	nsubj
2	(	(	PUNCT	_	3 plural	punct
3	plural	plural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Bacteria	appos
4	)	)	PUNCT	_	3 plural	punct
5	live	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	almost	almost	ADV	_	7 everywhere	advmod
7	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	PronType=Tot	5 live	advmod
8	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 soil	punct
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 soil	case
10	soil	soil	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 live	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 water	punct
12	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 soil	conj
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 air	punct
14	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 soil	conj
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 bodies	cc
16	inside	inside	ADP	_	18 bodies	case
17	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	18 bodies	nmod:poss
18	bodies	body	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 soil	conj
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 helpful	punct
20	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	22 helpful	nsubj
21	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 helpful	cop
22	helpful	helpful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 live	parataxis
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 cause	cc
24	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	25 cause	nsubj
25	cause	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 helpful	conj
26	illness	illness	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 cause	obj
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 live	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	live	present	Bacteria		soil and water and air and our bodies	everywhere property	vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in soil=Location
2	is	present	some			helpful property	tree rules
3	cause	present	some	illness			vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition illness=Patient

Example 1

A bacterium is too small to see without a microscope.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 bacterium	det
2	bacterium	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 small	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 small	cop
4	too	too	ADV	_	5 small	advmod
5	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 see	mark
7	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 small	advcl
8	without	without	ADP	_	10 microscope	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 microscope	det
10	microscope	microscope	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 see	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 small	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	a bacterium					small property	tree rules
2	see	to-infinitive	a bacterium not said here					without a microscope	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Example 2

Washing your hands with soap removes bacteria.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Washing	wash	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 removes	csubj
2	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 hands	nmod:poss
3	hands	hand	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Washing	obj
4	with	with	ADP	_	5 soap	case
5	soap	soap	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Washing	obl
6	removes	remove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 removes	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 removes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wash	gerund		your hands				with soap	vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent hand=Patient with soap=Instrument
2	remove	present	Washing	bacteria					vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme

Example 3

Some bacteria help us digest our food.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 bacteria	det
2	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 help	nsubj
3	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 help	obj
5	digest	digest	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 help	xcomp
6	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 food	nmod:poss
7	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 digest	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 help	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	present	some bacteria	us					vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme
2	digest	infinitive	us not said here	our food					tree rules

Example 4

Bacteria in milk turn it into yoghurt.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 turn	nsubj
2	in	in	ADP	_	3 milk	case
3	milk	milk	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Bacteria	nmod
4	turn	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 turn	obj
6	into	into	ADP	_	7 yoghurt	case
7	yoghurt	yoghurt	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 turn	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 turn	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	turn	present	Bacteria in milk	milk		yoghurt			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent it=Theme into yoghurt=Trajectory

Example 5

Harmful bacteria can grow on raw chicken.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Harmful	harmful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 bacteria	amod
2	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 grow	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 grow	aux
4	grow	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	on	on	ADP	_	7 chicken	case
6	raw	raw	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 chicken	amod
7	chicken	chicken	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 grow	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 grow	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	can	Harmful bacteria					on raw chicken	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on chicken=Location

Example 6

Keep food in the fridge so bacteria grow more slowly.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Keep	keep	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Keep	obj
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 fridge	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 fridge	det
5	fridge	fridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Keep	obl
6	so	so	SCONJ	_	8 grow	mark
7	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 grow	nsubj
8	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Keep	advcl
9	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	10 slowly	advmod
10	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	8 grow	advmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Keep	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	keep	imperative	you not said here	food		the fridge			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent food=Theme in fridge=Location
2	grow	present	bacteria					slowly property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 7

One bacterium can split into two, then four, then eight.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 bacterium	nummod
2	bacterium	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 split	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 split	aux
4	split	split	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	into	into	ADP	_	6 two	case
6	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 split	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 four	punct
8	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	9 four	advmod
9	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 split	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 eight	punct
11	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	12 eight	advmod
12	eight	eight	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 split	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 split	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	split	can	One bacterium	four				into two result; eight obl	vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into two=Result

Example 8

Antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 kill	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 kill	aux
3	kill	kill	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 kill	obj
5	but	but	CCONJ	_	7 viruses	cc
6	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	7 viruses	advmod
7	viruses	virus	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 bacteria	conj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 kill	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	kill	can	Antibiotics	bacteria but viruses					vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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