bce Who acts: BCE, calendar, partner, CE, years, book · What happens: stand, use, show, count, mean, start · To what, where: Common Era, years, start, same, usual calendar, CE
«bce» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: bce in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 BCE stands for «Before the Common Era», used after a year number to show years counted backwards from the start of the usual calendar; it means the same as BC («before Christ»).
The tree, 32 words nsubj case punct case det compound obl punct punct acl case det compound obl mark advcl obj acl advmod case det obl case det amod nmod punct nsubj parataxis det obj case obl punct punct case appos punct punct punct root BCE PROPN stands VERB for ADP « PUNCT Before ADP the DET Common PROPN Era PROPN » PUNCT , PUNCT used VERB after ADP a DET year NOUN number NOUN to PART show VERB years NOUN counted VERB backwards ADV from ADP the DET start NOUN of ADP the DET usual ADJ calendar NOUN ; PUNCT it PRON means VERB the DET same ADJ as ADP BC PROPN ( PUNCT « PUNCT before ADP Christ PROPN » PUNCT ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 2 stands nsubj 2 stands stand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 for for ADP _ 8 Era case 4 « « PUNCT _ 8 Era punct 5 Before before ADP _ 8 Era case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 Era det 7 Common Common PROPN Number=Sing 8 Era compound 8 Era Era PROPN Number=Sing 2 stands obl 9 » » PUNCT _ 8 Era punct 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 used punct 11 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 Era acl 12 after after ADP _ 15 number case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 number det 14 year year NOUN Number=Sing 15 number compound 15 number number NOUN Number=Sing 11 used obl 16 to to PART _ 17 show mark 17 show show VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 used advcl 18 years year NOUN Number=Plur 17 show obj 19 counted count VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 18 years acl 20 backwards backwards ADV _ 19 counted advmod 21 from from ADP _ 23 start case 22 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 23 start det 23 start start NOUN Number=Sing 19 counted obl 24 of of ADP _ 27 calendar case 25 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 27 calendar det 26 usual usual ADJ Degree=Pos 27 calendar amod 27 calendar calendar NOUN Number=Sing 23 start nmod 28 ; ; PUNCT _ 30 means punct 29 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 30 means nsubj 30 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 stands parataxis 31 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 32 same det 32 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 30 means obj 33 as as ADP _ 34 BC case 34 BC BC PROPN Number=Sing 30 means obl 35 ( ( PUNCT _ 38 Christ punct 36 « « PUNCT _ 38 Christ punct 37 before before ADP _ 38 Christ case 38 Christ Christ PROPN Number=Sing 34 BC appos 39 » » PUNCT _ 38 Christ punct 40 ) ) PUNCT _ 38 Christ punct 41 . . PUNCT _ 2 stands punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stand present BCE for the Common Era vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer for era=Attribute 2 use participle the Common Era not said here after a year number vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 show to-infinitive year vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 count participle years not said here the start of the usual calendar backwards property vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus 5 mean present calendar the same as BC vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent same=Topic as bc=Attribute 6 start the usual calendar nom start «event transitive»: of=patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Its partner is CE («Common Era»), which means the same as AD.
The tree, 12 words nmod:poss nsubj cop punct punct compound appos punct punct punct nsubj parataxis det obj case obl punct root Its PRON partner NOUN is AUX CE NOUN ( PUNCT « PUNCT Common PROPN Era PROPN » PUNCT ) PUNCT , PUNCT which PRON means VERB the DET same ADJ as ADP AD NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 partner nmod:poss 2 partner partner NOUN Number=Sing 4 CE nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 CE cop 4 CE ce NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 ( ( PUNCT _ 8 Era punct 6 « « PUNCT _ 8 Era punct 7 Common Common PROPN Number=Sing 8 Era compound 8 Era Era PROPN Number=Sing 4 CE appos 9 » » PUNCT _ 8 Era punct 10 ) ) PUNCT _ 8 Era punct 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 means punct 12 which which PRON PronType=Rel 13 means nsubj 13 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 CE parataxis 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 same det 15 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 13 means obj 16 as as ADP _ 17 AD case 17 AD ad NOUN Number=Sing 15 same obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 4 CE punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Its partner CE tree rules 2 mean present CE the same vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent same=Topic
Example 1 The pyramids of Giza were built more than two thousand years BCE.
det nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass advmod fixed compound nummod obl:unmarked appos punct root The DET pyramids NOUN of ADP Giza PROPN were AUX built VERB more ADJ than ADP two NUM thousand NUM years NOUN BCE PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 pyramids det 2 pyramids pyramid NOUN Number=Plur 6 built nsubj:pass 3 of of ADP _ 4 Giza case 4 Giza Giza PROPN Number=Sing 2 pyramids nmod 5 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 built aux:pass 6 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp ExtPos=ADV 10 thousand advmod 8 than than ADP _ 7 more fixed 9 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 10 thousand compound 10 thousand thousand NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 11 years nummod 11 years year NOUN Number=Plur 6 built obl:unmarked 12 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 11 years appos 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 built punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 build past · passive the pyramids of Giza year vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 2 On our timeline, years BCE are on the left.
case nmod:poss obl punct nsubj appos cop case det punct root On ADP our PRON timeline NOUN , PUNCT years NOUN BCE PROPN are AUX on ADP the DET left NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 On on ADP _ 3 timeline case 2 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 timeline nmod:poss 3 timeline timeline NOUN Number=Sing 10 left obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 timeline punct 5 years year NOUN Number=Plur 10 left nsubj 6 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 5 years appos 7 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 left cop 8 on on ADP _ 10 left case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 left det 10 left left NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 . . PUNCT _ 10 left punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present years the left on our timeline tree rules
Example 3 BCE means the same as BC.
nsubj det obj case obl punct root BCE PROPN means VERB the DET same ADJ as ADP BC PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 same det 4 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means obj 5 as as ADP _ 6 BC case 6 BC BC PROPN Number=Sing 4 same obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present BCE the same vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent same=Topic
Example 4 The bigger the number BCE, the longer ago it was.
det det nsubj appos punct det advmod advmod nsubj cop punct root The DET bigger ADJ the DET number NOUN BCE PROPN , PUNCT the DET longer ADV ago ADV it PRON was AUX . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bigger det 2 bigger big ADJ Degree=Cmp root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 number det 4 number number NOUN Number=Sing 2 bigger nsubj 5 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 4 number appos 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 ago punct 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 ago det 8 longer long ADV Degree=Cmp 9 ago advmod 9 ago ago ADV _ 2 bigger advmod 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 was nsubj 11 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 ago cop 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 bigger punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past ago, long property tree rules
Example 5 Ancient Rome was founded many centuries BCE.
amod nsubj:pass aux:pass amod obj obl:agent punct root Ancient ADJ Rome PROPN was AUX founded VERB many ADJ centuries NOUN BCE PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ancient ancient ADJ Degree=Pos 2 Rome amod 2 Rome Rome PROPN Number=Sing 4 founded nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 founded aux:pass 4 founded found VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 6 centuries amod 6 centuries century NOUN Number=Plur 4 founded obj 7 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 4 founded obl:agent 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 founded punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 found past · passive BCE Ancient Rome century vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
Example 6 Our book uses BCE and CE instead of BC and AD.
nmod:poss nsubj obj cc conj case fixed obl cc conj punct root Our PRON book NOUN uses VERB BCE PROPN and CCONJ CE PROPN instead ADV of ADP BC PROPN and CCONJ AD NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 book nmod:poss 2 book book NOUN Number=Sing 3 uses nsubj 3 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 3 uses obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 CE cc 6 CE CE PROPN Number=Sing 4 BCE conj 7 instead instead ADV ExtPos=ADP 9 BC case 8 of of ADP _ 7 instead fixed 9 BC BC PROPN Number=Sing 3 uses obl 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 AD cc 11 AD ad NOUN Number=Sing 9 BC conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 uses punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Our book BCE and CE instead BC and AD vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bce=Patient
Example 7 Stonehenge was built in the Stone Age, thousands of years BCE.
nsubj aux:pass case det compound obl punct obl case nmod nmod punct root Stonehenge PROPN was AUX built VERB in ADP the DET Stone PROPN Age PROPN , PUNCT thousands NOUN of ADP years NOUN BCE PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stonehenge Stonehenge PROPN Number=Sing 3 built nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 built aux:pass 3 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 in in ADP _ 7 Age case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 Age det 6 Stone Stone PROPN Number=Sing 7 Age compound 7 Age Age PROPN Number=Sing 3 built obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 thousands punct 9 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 3 built obl 10 of of ADP _ 11 years case 11 years year NOUN Number=Plur 9 thousands nmod 12 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 9 thousands nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 built punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 build past · passive Stonehenge in the Stone Age thousands of years BCE obl vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 8 There is no year zero between 1 BCE and 1 CE.
expl det nsubj flat case nmod nmod:unmarked cc nummod conj punct root There PRON is VERB no DET year NOUN zero NUM between ADP 1 NUM BCE PROPN and CCONJ 1 NUM CE NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 is expl 2 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 no no DET PronType=Neg 4 year det 4 year year NOUN Number=Sing 2 is nsubj 5 zero zero NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 year flat 6 between between ADP _ 7 1 case 7 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 zero nmod 8 BCE BCE PROPN Number=Sing 7 1 nmod:unmarked 9 and and CCONJ _ 11 CE cc 10 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 11 CE nummod 11 CE ce NOUN Number=Sing 4 year conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 does present no year and 1 CE there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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