borrowing

Who acts: their, borrowing, one people, I, you, Pyjamas · What happens: take, belong, give back, permit, get, pay back · To what, where: something, permission, money, bank, person, word · Speech: someone speaks here

«borrowing» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: borrowing in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Taking something that belongs to someone else, with their permission, and giving it back later.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Taking	take	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	1 Taking	obj
3	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 belongs	nsubj
4	belongs	belong	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 something	acl:relcl
5	to	to	ADP	_	6 someone	case
6	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 belongs	obl
7	else	else	ADV	_	6 someone	advmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 permission	punct
9	with	with	ADP	_	11 permission	case
10	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 permission	nmod:poss
11	permission	permission	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Taking	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 giving	punct
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 giving	cc
14	giving	give	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 Taking	conj
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 giving	obj
16	back	back	ADV	_	14 giving	advmod
17	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	14 giving	advmod
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Taking	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	take	gerund		something	with their permission	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme
2	belong	present			to someone	vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme
3	give back	gerund		permission	late property	vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
4	permit		their = they			nom permission «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: money — kept apart, not parsed.

Getting money from a bank or person that must be paid back, often with extra (interest).

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Getting	get	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	root	root
2	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Getting	obj
3	from	from	ADP	_	5 bank	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 bank	det
5	bank	bank	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Getting	obl
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	7 person	cc
7	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bank	conj
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 paid	nsubj:pass
9	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	11 paid	aux
10	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	11 paid	aux:pass
11	paid	pay	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 person	acl:relcl
12	back	back	ADV	_	11 paid	advmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 extra	punct
14	often	often	ADV	_	16 extra	advmod
15	with	with	ADP	_	16 extra	case
16	extra	extra	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Getting	conj
17	(	(	PUNCT	_	18 interest	punct
18	interest	interest	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 extra	parataxis
19	)	)	PUNCT	_	18 interest	punct
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Getting	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	get	gerund		money		a bank or person			vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent money=Theme from bank=Source
2	pay back	must · passive		person					vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset

Meaning 3

Usage: language — kept apart, not parsed.

A word taken from another language, like «café» from French or «kangaroo» from an Aboriginal language.

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 word	det
2	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	taken	take	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 word	acl
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 language	case
5	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	6 language	det
6	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 taken	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 café	punct
8	like	like	ADP	_	10 café	case
9	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 café	punct
10	café	café	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 word	appos
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	10 café	punct
12	from	from	ADP	_	13 French	case
13	French	French	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 café	nmod
14	or	or	CCONJ	_	16 kangaroo	cc
15	«	«	PUNCT	_	16 kangaroo	punct
16	kangaroo	kangaroo	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 café	conj
17	»	»	PUNCT	_	16 kangaroo	punct
18	from	from	ADP	_	21 language	case
19	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	21 language	det
20	Aboriginal	aboriginal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 language	amod
21	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 café	nmod
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 word	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	participle		a word not said here		another language			vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent from language=Initial_Location

Meaning 4

Usage: maths, old — kept apart, not parsed.

In subtraction, «borrowing» means taking ten from the next column (also called regrouping or exchanging).

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 subtraction	case
2	subtraction	subtraction	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 means	obl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 subtraction	punct
4	«	«	PUNCT	_	5 borrowing	punct
5	borrowing	borrow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 means	csubj
6	»	»	PUNCT	_	5 borrowing	punct
7	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	taking	take	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 means	ccomp
9	ten	ten	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 taking	obj
10	from	from	ADP	_	13 column	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 column	det
12	next	next	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 column	amod
13	column	column	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 taking	obl
14	(	(	PUNCT	_	16 called	punct
15	also	also	ADV	_	16 called	advmod
16	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 column	acl
17	regrouping	regroup	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	16 called	xcomp
18	or	or	CCONJ	_	19 exchanging	cc
19	exchanging	exchange	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	17 regrouping	conj
20	)	)	PUNCT	_	16 called	punct
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	borrow in a quote	gerund				vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	mean	present	borrowing		subtraction	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	take	gerund		ten	the next column	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent ten=Theme from column=Initial_Location
4	call	participle		the next column not said here		vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	regroup	gerund				vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
6	exchange	gerund				vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Meaning 5

Borrowing can also mean a story or idea that one people take from another and make their own.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Borrowing	borrowing	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 mean	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 mean	aux
3	also	also	ADV	_	4 mean	advmod
4	mean	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 story	det
6	story	story	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 mean	obj
7	or	or	CCONJ	_	8 idea	cc
8	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 story	conj
9	that	that	SCONJ	_	12 take	mark
10	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 people	nummod
11	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 take	nsubj
12	take	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 mean	advcl
13	from	from	ADP	_	14 another	case
14	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	12 take	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 make	cc
16	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 take	conj
17	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	18 own	nmod:poss
18	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 make	xcomp
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	mean	can	Borrowing	a story or idea			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Topic
2	take	present	one people		another		vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent from another=Initial_Location
3	make	infinitive	one people not said here			own property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Example 1

I'm borrowing my sister's bike today.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 borrowing	nsubj
2	'm	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 borrowing	aux
3	borrowing	borrow	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 sister	nmod:poss
5	sister	sister	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 bike	nmod:poss
6	's	's	PART	_	5 sister	case
7	bike	bike	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 borrowing	obj
8	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 borrowing	obl:unmarked
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 borrowing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	borrow	present · progressive	I	my sister's bike			today		vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme

Example 2

Borrowing books from the library is free.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Borrowing	borrow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 free	csubj
2	books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Borrowing	obj
3	from	from	ADP	_	5 library	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 library	det
5	library	library	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Borrowing	obl
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 free	cop
7	free	free	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 free	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	borrow	gerund		books		the library			vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent book=Theme from library=Source
2	is	present	Borrowing					free property	tree rules

Example 3

In 42 − 18 you need borrowing from the tens.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 42	case
2	42	42	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 need	obl
3	−	−	SYM	_	4 18	case
4	18	18	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	2 42	nmod
5	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	6 need	nsubj
6	need	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	borrowing	borrow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 need	xcomp
8	from	from	ADP	_	10 tens	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 tens	det
10	tens	ten	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 borrowing	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 need	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	need	present	you			42 − 18			vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme
2	borrow not said to happen	gerund	you not said here			the tens			vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from ten=Source

Example 4

«Pyjamas» is a borrowing from Hindi/Urdu.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 Pyjamas	punct
2	Pyjamas	Pyjamas	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 borrowing	nsubj
3	»	»	PUNCT	_	2 Pyjamas	punct
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 borrowing	cop
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 borrowing	det
6	borrowing	borrowing	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	from	from	ADP	_	8 Hindi/Urdu	case
8	Hindi/Urdu	Hindi/Urdu	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 borrowing	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 borrowing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Pyjamas	a borrowing		Hindi/Urdu			tree rules

Example 5

The country's borrowing is very high.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 country	det
2	country	country	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 borrowing	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 country	case
4	borrowing	borrowing	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 high	nsubj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 high	cop
6	very	very	ADV	_	7 high	advmod
7	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 high	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the country's borrowing					high property	tree rules

Example 6

Thanks for borrowing me your pen – oops, I mean lending!

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Thanks	thanks	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 mean	discourse
2	for	for	SCONJ	_	3 borrowing	mark
3	borrowing	borrow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Thanks	acl
4	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 borrowing	obj
5	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 oops	nmod:poss
6	pen	pen	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 oops	compound
7	–	–	PUNCT	_	6 pen	punct
8	oops	oop	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 borrowing	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Thanks	punct
10	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	11 mean	nsubj
11	mean	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	lending	lend	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	11 mean	xcomp
13	!	!	PUNCT	_	11 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	borrow	gerund	Thanks not said here	me	tree rules
2	mean	present	I		vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	lend not said to happen	gerund	I not said here		vn give-13.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent

Example 7

Borrowing tales is a mutual process, and when Indian meets European, European meets Indian; which borrowed from which, is a question which we have very few criteria to decide.

The tree, 29 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Borrowing	borrow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 process	csubj
2	tales	tale	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Borrowing	obj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 process	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 process	det
5	mutual	mutual	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 process	amod
6	process	process	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 question	nsubj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 meets	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 meets	cc
9	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	10 Indian	advmod
10	Indian	Indian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 meets	amod
11	meets	meet	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 process	parataxis
12	European	European	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 meets	xcomp
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 meets	punct
14	European	European	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 meets	amod
15	meets	meet	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 meets	conj
16	Indian	Indian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 meets	xcomp
17	;	;	PUNCT	_	19 borrowed	punct
18	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	19 borrowed	nsubj
19	borrowed	borrow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 process	conj
20	from	from	ADP	_	21 which	case
21	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	19 borrowed	obj
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 process	punct
23	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 question	cop
24	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	25 question	det
25	question	question	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
26	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	28 have	obj
27	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	28 have	nsubj
28	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 question	acl:relcl
29	very	very	ADV	_	30 few	advmod
30	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 criteria	amod
31	criteria	criterion	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 have	obj
32	to	to	PART	_	33 decide	mark
33	decide	decide	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	31 criteria	acl
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	25 question	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	borrow	gerund		tales		vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tale=Theme
2	is a	present	Borrowing	a mutual process		tree rules
3	meet	present			european property	vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	meet	present			indian property	vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
5	borrow	past	a mutual process	a mutual process		vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme
6	is a	present	a mutual process	a question		tree rules
7	have	present	we	a question		tree rules
8	decide	to-infinitive	we not said here			vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/borrowing/