chainsaw Who acts: chainsaw, powerful handheld, motor, tree surgeon, We, Chainsaws · What happens: be, see, drive, use, cut down, cut · To what, where: powerful handheld, loop, metal bar, trees, something, fallen branch
«chainsaw» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: chainsaw in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A chainsaw is a powerful handheld saw with a motor that drives a loop of sharp teeth (a chain) round a metal bar, used to cut down trees and cut logs.
The tree, 31 words det nsubj cop det amod nsubj case det obl nsubj acl:relcl det obj case amod nmod punct det appos punct case det compound obl punct conj mark xcomp compound:prt obj cc amod conj punct root A DET chainsaw NOUN is AUX a DET powerful ADJ handheld NOUN saw VERB with ADP a DET motor NOUN that PRON drives VERB a DET loop NOUN of ADP sharp ADJ teeth NOUN ( PUNCT a DET chain NOUN ) PUNCT round ADP a DET metal NOUN bar NOUN , PUNCT used VERB to PART cut VERB down ADP trees NOUN and CCONJ cut VERB logs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 chainsaw det 2 chainsaw chainsaw NOUN Number=Sing 6 handheld nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 handheld cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 handheld det 5 powerful powerful ADJ Degree=Pos 6 handheld amod 6 handheld handheld NOUN Number=Sing 7 saw nsubj 7 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 with with ADP _ 10 motor case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 motor det 10 motor motor NOUN Number=Sing 7 saw obl 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 drives nsubj 12 drives drive VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 motor acl:relcl 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 loop det 14 loop loop NOUN Number=Sing 12 drives obj 15 of of ADP _ 17 teeth case 16 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 17 teeth amod 17 teeth tooth NOUN Number=Plur 14 loop nmod 18 ( ( PUNCT _ 20 chain punct 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 chain det 20 chain chain NOUN Number=Sing 17 teeth appos 21 ) ) PUNCT _ 20 chain punct 22 round round ADP _ 25 bar case 23 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 25 bar det 24 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 25 bar compound 25 bar bar NOUN Number=Sing 12 drives obl 26 , , PUNCT _ 27 used punct 27 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 saw conj 28 to to PART _ 29 cut mark 29 cut cut VERB VerbForm=Inf 27 used xcomp 30 down down ADP _ 29 cut compound:prt 31 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 29 cut obj 32 and and CCONJ _ 34 logs cc 33 cut cut VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 34 logs amod 34 logs log NOUN Number=Plur 31 trees conj 35 . . PUNCT _ 7 saw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a chainsaw a powerful handheld tree rules 2 see past a powerful handheld with a motor vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 3 drive present a motor a loop of sharp teeth a metal bar vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent loop=Theme round bar=Trajectory 4 use participle a powerful handheld not said here vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 5 cut down to-infinitive a powerful handheld not said here trees and cut logs vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset tree=Product 6 cut participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To chainsaw something is to cut it with a chainsaw.
mark advcl obj cop mark obj case det obl punct root To PART chainsaw VERB something PRON is AUX to PART cut VERB it PRON with ADP a DET chainsaw NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 chainsaw mark 2 chainsaw chainsaw VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 cut advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 chainsaw obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 cut cop 5 to to PART _ 6 cut mark 6 cut cut VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 cut obj 8 with with ADP _ 10 chainsaw case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 chainsaw det 10 chainsaw chainsaw NOUN Number=Sing 6 cut obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 cut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chainsaw to-infinitive something tree rules 2 is present with a chainsaw; cut property tree rules
Example 1 The tree surgeon cut the fallen branch with a chainsaw.
det compound nsubj det amod obj case det obl punct root The DET tree NOUN surgeon NOUN cut VERB the DET fallen VERB branch NOUN with ADP a DET chainsaw NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 surgeon det 2 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 3 surgeon compound 3 surgeon surgeon NOUN Number=Sing 4 cut nsubj 4 cut cut VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 branch det 6 fallen fall VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 branch amod 7 branch branch NOUN Number=Sing 4 cut obj 8 with with ADP _ 10 chainsaw case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 chainsaw det 10 chainsaw chainsaw NOUN Number=Sing 4 cut obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 cut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cut past the tree surgeon the fallen branch with a chainsaw vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent branch=Patient with chainsaw=Instrument 2 fall participle vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 We could hear a chainsaw buzzing in the woods.
nsubj aux det obj acl case det obl punct root We PRON could AUX hear VERB a DET chainsaw NOUN buzzing VERB in ADP the DET woods NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 hear nsubj 2 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 hear aux 3 hear hear VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 chainsaw det 5 chainsaw chainsaw NOUN Number=Sing 3 hear obj 6 buzzing buzz VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 chainsaw acl 7 in in ADP _ 9 woods case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 woods det 9 woods wood NOUN Number=Plur 6 buzzing obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 hear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear could We a chainsaw vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer chainsaw=Stimulus 2 buzz gerund a chainsaw not said here the woods vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in wood=Location
Example 3 Chainsaws are very dangerous, so stay far away.
nsubj cop advmod punct advmod conj advmod advmod punct root Chainsaws NOUN are AUX very ADV dangerous ADJ , PUNCT so ADV stay VERB far ADV away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Chainsaws chainsaw NOUN Number=Plur 4 dangerous nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 dangerous cop 3 very very ADV _ 4 dangerous advmod 4 dangerous dangerous ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 7 stay punct 6 so so ADV _ 7 stay advmod 7 stay stay VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 dangerous conj 8 far far ADV Degree=Pos 9 away advmod 9 away away ADV _ 7 stay advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 dangerous punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Chainsaws dangerous property tree rules 2 stay infinitive Chainsaws not said here away property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 4 He wore ear defenders because chainsaws are so loud.
nsubj compound obj mark nsubj cop advmod advcl punct root He PRON wore VERB ear NOUN defenders NOUN because SCONJ chainsaws NOUN are AUX so ADV loud ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 wore nsubj 2 wore wear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 ear ear NOUN Number=Sing 4 defenders compound 4 defenders defender NOUN Number=Plur 2 wore obj 5 because because SCONJ _ 9 loud mark 6 chainsaws chainsaw NOUN Number=Plur 9 loud nsubj 7 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 loud cop 8 so so ADV _ 9 loud advmod 9 loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 2 wore advcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 wore punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wear past He ear defenders vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent defender=Source 2 is present chainsaws loud property tree rules
Example 5 The artist used a chainsaw to carve a bear from a log.
det nsubj det obj mark advcl det obj case det obl punct root The DET artist NOUN used VERB a DET chainsaw NOUN to PART carve VERB a DET bear NOUN from ADP a DET log NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 artist det 2 artist artist NOUN Number=Sing 3 used nsubj 3 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 chainsaw det 5 chainsaw chainsaw NOUN Number=Sing 3 used obj 6 to to PART _ 7 carve mark 7 carve carve VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 used advcl 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 bear det 9 bear bear NOUN Number=Sing 7 carve obj 10 from from ADP _ 12 log case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 log det 12 log log NOUN Number=Sing 7 carve obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past the artist a chainsaw vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chainsaw=Patient 2 carve to-infinitive the artist not said here a bear a log vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset bear=Product from log=Material
Example 6 After the storm, neighbours chainsawed the fallen tree.
case det obl punct nsubj det amod obj punct root After ADP the DET storm NOUN , PUNCT neighbours NOUN chainsawed VERB the DET fallen VERB tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 After after ADP _ 3 storm case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 storm det 3 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 6 chainsawed obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 storm punct 5 neighbours neighbour NOUN Number=Plur 6 chainsawed nsubj 6 chainsawed chainsaw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 tree det 8 fallen fall VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 tree amod 9 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 6 chainsawed obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 chainsawed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chainsaw past neighbours the fallen tree after the storm tree rules 2 fall participle vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 Dad sharpens the chainsaw's chain before cutting firewood.
nsubj det nmod:poss case obj mark advcl obj punct root Dad NOUN sharpens VERB the DET chainsaw NOUN 's PART chain NOUN before SCONJ cutting VERB firewood NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 sharpens nsubj 2 sharpens sharpen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 chainsaw det 4 chainsaw chainsaw NOUN Number=Sing 6 chain nmod:poss 5 's 's PART _ 4 chainsaw case 6 chain chain NOUN Number=Sing 2 sharpens obj 7 before before SCONJ _ 8 cutting mark 8 cutting cut VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 sharpens advcl 9 firewood firewood NOUN Number=Sing 8 cutting obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 sharpens punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen present Dad the chainsaw's chain vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent chain=Patient 2 cut gerund Dad not said here firewood vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset firewood=Product
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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