chalk Who acts: Chalk, something, teacher, We, I, twins · What happens: be, make, use, draw, write, have · To what, where: soft white rock, tiny shells, stick, ground, it, board
«chalk» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: chalk in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Chalk is a soft white rock made from tiny shells of sea creatures.
nsubj cop det amod amod acl case amod obl case compound nmod punct root Chalk NOUN is AUX a DET soft ADJ white ADJ rock NOUN made VERB from ADP tiny ADJ shells NOUN of ADP sea NOUN creatures NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 6 rock nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 rock cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 rock det 4 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 6 rock amod 5 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 6 rock amod 6 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 rock acl 8 from from ADP _ 10 shells case 9 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 10 shells amod 10 shells shell NOUN Number=Plur 7 made obl 11 of of ADP _ 13 creatures case 12 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 13 creatures compound 13 creatures creature NOUN Number=Plur 10 shells nmod 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 rock punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Chalk a soft white rock tree rules 2 make participle a soft white rock not said here tiny shells of sea creatures vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from shell=Material
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Chalk is a stick made of this or similar stuff, used for writing on a blackboard or drawing on the ground.
The tree, 21 words nsubj cop det acl case obl cc amod conj punct acl case obl case det nmod cc conj case det obl punct root Chalk NOUN is AUX a DET stick NOUN made VERB of ADP this PRON or CCONJ similar ADJ stuff NOUN , PUNCT used VERB for ADP writing NOUN on ADP a DET blackboard NOUN or CCONJ drawing VERB on ADP the DET ground NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 4 stick nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 stick cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 stick det 4 stick stick NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 stick acl 6 of of ADP _ 7 this case 7 this this PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 made obl 8 or or CCONJ _ 10 stuff cc 9 similar similar ADJ Degree=Pos 10 stuff amod 10 stuff stuff NOUN Number=Sing 4 stick conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 used punct 12 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 stick acl 13 for for ADP _ 14 writing case 14 writing writing NOUN Number=Sing 12 used obl 15 on on ADP _ 17 blackboard case 16 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 blackboard det 17 blackboard blackboard NOUN Number=Sing 14 writing nmod 18 or or CCONJ _ 19 drawing cc 19 drawing draw VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 17 blackboard conj 20 on on ADP _ 22 ground case 21 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 22 ground det 22 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 19 drawing obl 23 . . PUNCT _ 4 stick punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Chalk a stick or similar stuff tree rules 2 make participle a stick or similar stuff not said here of this vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 3 use participle a stick or similar stuff not said here for writing on a blackboard vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 draw gerund the ground vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on ground=Destination
Meaning 3 To chalk something is to write or draw it with chalk.
mark compound nsubj cop mark cc conj obj case obl punct root To PART chalk NOUN something PRON is AUX to PART write VERB or CCONJ draw VERB it PRON with ADP chalk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 something mark 2 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 3 something compound 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 write nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 write cop 5 to to PART _ 6 write mark 6 write write VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 draw cc 8 draw draw VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 write conj 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 draw obj 10 with with ADP _ 11 chalk case 11 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 8 draw obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 write punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present something write property tree rules 2 draw infinitive something not said here it with chalk vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
Example 1 The teacher wrote on the board with chalk.
det nsubj case det obl case nmod punct root The DET teacher NOUN wrote VERB on ADP the DET board NOUN with ADP chalk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 teacher det 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 wrote nsubj 3 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 on on ADP _ 6 board case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 board det 6 board board NOUN Number=Sing 3 wrote obl 7 with with ADP _ 8 chalk case 8 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 6 board nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 wrote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write past the teacher the board with chalk vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on board=Destination
Example 2 We drew a hopscotch grid with chalk.
nsubj det compound obj case nmod punct root We PRON drew VERB a DET hopscotch NOUN grid NOUN with ADP chalk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 drew nsubj 2 drew draw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 grid det 4 hopscotch hopscotch NOUN Number=Sing 5 grid compound 5 grid grid NOUN Number=Sing 2 drew obj 6 with with ADP _ 7 chalk case 7 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 5 grid nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 drew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 draw past We a hopscotch grid with chalk vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grid=Theme
Example 3 Can I have a piece of chalk?
aux nsubj det obj case nmod punct root Can AUX I PRON have VERB a DET piece NOUN of ADP chalk NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 have aux 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 have nsubj 3 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 piece det 5 piece piece NOUN Number=Sing 3 have obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 chalk case 7 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 5 piece nmod 8 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have can I a piece of chalk vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient
Example 4 The White Cliffs of Dover are made of chalk.
det amod nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass case obl punct root The DET White ADJ Cliffs PROPN of ADP Dover PROPN are AUX made VERB of ADP chalk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Cliffs det 2 White White ADJ Degree=Pos 3 Cliffs amod 3 Cliffs Cliff PROPN Number=Plur 7 made nsubj:pass 4 of of ADP _ 5 Dover case 5 Dover Dover PROPN Number=Sing 3 Cliffs nmod 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 made aux:pass 7 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 of of ADP _ 9 chalk case 9 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 7 made obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present · passive the White Cliffs of Dover of chalk vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 5 Chalk is a soft rock.
nsubj cop det amod punct root Chalk NOUN is AUX a DET soft ADJ rock NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 5 rock nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 rock cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 rock det 4 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 5 rock amod 5 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 rock punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Chalk a soft rock tree rules
Example 6 The twins are like chalk and cheese.
det nsubj cop case cc conj punct root The DET twins NOUN are AUX like ADP chalk NOUN and CCONJ cheese NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 twins det 2 twins twin NOUN Number=Plur 5 chalk nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 chalk cop 4 like like ADP _ 5 chalk case 5 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 cheese cc 7 cheese cheese NOUN Number=Sing 5 chalk conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 chalk punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present the twins like chalk and cheese tree rules
Example 7 Our team chalked up another win.
nmod:poss nsubj compound:prt det obj punct root Our PRON team NOUN chalked VERB up ADP another DET win NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 team nmod:poss 2 team team NOUN Number=Sing 3 chalked nsubj 3 chalked chalk VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 up up ADP _ 3 chalked compound:prt 5 another another DET PronType=Ind 6 win det 6 win win NOUN Number=Sing 3 chalked obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 chalked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chalk up participle Our team another win vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent win=Theme
Example 8 He sat down to work out his sum with a piece of chalk on a smooth stone.
The tree, 17 words nsubj advmod mark advcl compound:prt nmod:poss obj case det obl case nmod case det amod obl punct root He PRON sat VERB down ADV to PART work VERB out ADP his PRON sum NOUN with ADP a DET piece NOUN of ADP chalk NOUN on ADP a DET smooth ADJ stone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 sat nsubj 2 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 down down ADV _ 2 sat advmod 4 to to PART _ 5 work mark 5 work work VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 sat advcl 6 out out ADP _ 5 work compound:prt 7 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 sum nmod:poss 8 sum sum NOUN Number=Sing 5 work obj 9 with with ADP _ 11 piece case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 piece det 11 piece piece NOUN Number=Sing 5 work obl 12 of of ADP _ 13 chalk case 13 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 11 piece nmod 14 on on ADP _ 17 stone case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 stone det 16 smooth smooth ADJ Degree=Pos 17 stone amod 17 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 5 work obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit down past He down property vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 work out to-infinitive He not said here his sum a smooth stone with a piece of chalk vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sum=Topic 3 sum his = he nom sum «possession transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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