circular Who acts: Circular, circular route, walk, circular argument, argument, We · What happens: mean, shape, go round, end, start, use · To what, where: loop, letter, circular table, 400 metres, 1,200 metres, circular walk · Speech: someone speaks here
«circular» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: circular in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Circular means shaped like a circle, round.
nsubj xcomp case det obl punct advmod punct root Circular ADJ means VERB shaped VERB like ADP a DET circle NOUN , PUNCT round ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 shaped shape VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means xcomp 4 like like ADP _ 6 circle case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 circle det 6 circle circle NOUN Number=Sing 3 shaped obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 round punct 8 round round ADV _ 6 circle advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Circular vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 shape not said to happen participle Circular not said here like a circle vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"a circular table".
punct det amod punct punct root " PUNCT a DET circular ADJ table NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 table punct 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 table det 3 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 4 table amod 4 table table NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 " " PUNCT _ 4 table punct 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 table punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Meaning 2 A circular route or walk goes round and ends where it started.
det amod nsubj cc conj advmod cc conj advmod nsubj advcl punct root A DET circular ADJ route NOUN or CCONJ walk NOUN goes VERB round ADV and CCONJ ends VERB where ADV it PRON started VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 route det 2 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 3 route amod 3 route route NOUN Number=Sing 6 goes nsubj 4 or or CCONJ _ 5 walk cc 5 walk walk NOUN Number=Sing 3 route conj 6 goes go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 round round ADV _ 6 goes advmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 ends cc 9 ends end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 goes conj 10 where where ADV PronType=Rel 12 started advmod 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 started nsubj 12 started start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 ends advcl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 goes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go round present a circular route or walk round property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 end present a circular route or walk not said here vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 3 start past walk vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Meaning 3 A circular argument goes round in a loop: it uses what it is trying to prove as its reason.
The tree, 19 words det amod nsubj advmod case det obl punct nsubj conj obj nsubj aux advcl mark xcomp case nmod:poss obl punct root A DET circular ADJ argument NOUN goes VERB round ADV in ADP a DET loop NOUN : PUNCT it PRON uses VERB what PRON it PRON is AUX trying VERB to PART prove VERB as ADP its PRON reason NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 argument det 2 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 3 argument amod 3 argument argument NOUN Number=Sing 4 goes nsubj 4 goes go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 round round ADV _ 4 goes advmod 6 in in ADP _ 8 loop case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 loop det 8 loop loop NOUN Number=Sing 4 goes obl 9 : : PUNCT _ 11 uses punct 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 uses nsubj 11 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 goes conj 12 what what PRON PronType=Int 15 trying obj 13 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 trying nsubj 14 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 trying aux 15 trying try VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 11 uses advcl 16 to to PART _ 17 prove mark 17 prove prove VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 trying xcomp 18 as as ADP _ 20 reason case 19 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 20 reason nmod:poss 20 reason reason NOUN Number=Sing 17 prove obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 4 goes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go round present a circular argument a loop round property vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in loop=Location 2 use present argument vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 try present · progressive argument tree rules 4 prove not said to happen to-infinitive argument not said here as argument's reason vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent as reason=Attribute
Meaning 4 Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.
A circular is a letter or advert sent to many people at once.
det nsubj cop det cc conj acl case amod obl:agent case obl punct root A DET circular NOUN is AUX a DET letter NOUN or CCONJ advert NOUN sent VERB to ADP many ADJ people NOUN at ADP once ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 circular det 2 circular circular NOUN Number=Sing 5 letter nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 letter cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 letter det 5 letter letter NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 advert cc 7 advert advert NOUN Number=Sing 5 letter conj 8 sent send VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 letter acl 9 to to ADP _ 11 people case 10 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 11 people amod 11 people people NOUN Number=Plur 8 sent obl:agent 12 at at ADP _ 13 once case 13 once once ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Mult 8 sent obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 5 letter punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a circular a letter or advert tree rules 2 send participle a letter or advert not said here vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 1 We sat at a circular table.
nsubj case det amod obl punct root We PRON sat VERB at ADP a DET circular ADJ table NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 sat nsubj 2 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 at at ADP _ 6 table case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 table det 5 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 6 table amod 6 table table NOUN Number=Sing 2 sat obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past We a circular table vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at table=Location
Example 2 A coin is circular.
det nsubj cop punct root A DET coin NOUN is AUX circular ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 coin det 2 coin coin NOUN Number=Sing 4 circular nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 circular cop 4 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 . . PUNCT _ 4 circular punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a coin circular property tree rules
Example 3 The circular track is 400 metres round, so 3 laps are 1,200 metres.
The tree, 13 words det amod nsubj cop nummod advmod punct advmod nummod nsubj cop nummod obl punct root The DET circular ADJ track NOUN is AUX 400 NUM metres NOUN round ADV , PUNCT so ADV 3 NUM laps NOUN are AUX 1,200 NUM metres NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 track det 2 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 3 track amod 3 track track NOUN Number=Sing 6 metres nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 metres cop 5 400 400 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 metres nummod 6 metres metre NOUN Number=Plur root root 7 round round ADV _ 6 metres advmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 14 metres punct 9 so so ADV _ 14 metres advmod 10 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 11 laps nummod 11 laps lap NOUN Number=Plur 14 metres nsubj 12 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 metres cop 13 1,200 1200 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 14 metres nummod 14 metres metre NOUN Number=Plur 6 metres obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 6 metres punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the circular track 400 metres round property tree rules 2 is a present 3 laps 1,200 metres tree rules
Example 4 We went on a circular walk around the lake.
nsubj case det amod obl case det nmod punct root We PRON went VERB on ADP a DET circular ADJ walk NOUN around ADP the DET lake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 went nsubj 2 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 6 walk case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 walk det 5 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 6 walk amod 6 walk walk NOUN Number=Sing 2 went obl 7 around around ADP _ 9 lake case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 lake det 9 lake lake NOUN Number=Sing 6 walk nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past We a circular walk around the lake vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on walk=Location
Example 5 A cylinder has two circular faces.
det nsubj nummod amod obj punct root A DET cylinder NOUN has VERB two NUM circular ADJ faces NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cylinder det 2 cylinder cylinder NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 faces nummod 5 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 6 faces amod 6 faces face NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present a cylinder two circular faces vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Patient
Example 6 The school sent a circular to all parents.
det nsubj det obj case det obl punct root The DET school NOUN sent VERB a DET circular NOUN to ADP all DET parents NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 school det 2 school school NOUN Number=Sing 3 sent nsubj 3 sent send VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 circular det 5 circular circular NOUN Number=Sing 3 sent obj 6 to to ADP _ 8 parents case 7 all all DET PronType=Tot 8 parents det 8 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 3 sent obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 send past the school a circular all parents vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent circular=Theme to parent=Destination
Example 7 Saying "it's true because it's true" is a circular argument.
The tree, 12 words csubj punct nsubj cop ccomp mark nsubj cop advcl punct cop det amod punct root Saying VERB " PUNCT it PRON 's AUX true ADJ because SCONJ it PRON 's AUX true ADJ " PUNCT is AUX a DET circular ADJ argument NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Saying say VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 14 argument csubj 2 " " PUNCT _ 5 true punct 3 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 true nsubj 4 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 true cop 5 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Saying ccomp 6 because because SCONJ _ 9 true mark 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 true nsubj 8 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 true cop 9 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 5 true advcl 10 " " PUNCT _ 5 true punct 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 argument cop 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 argument det 13 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 14 argument amod 14 argument argument NOUN Number=Sing root root 15 . . PUNCT _ 14 argument punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert gerund vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is in a quote present it true property tree rules 3 is in a quote present it true property tree rules 4 is a present Saying a circular argument tree rules
Example 8 “Ho! who is there?” called out a curious old duck, still bobbing up and down in the circular dance.
The tree, 19 words punct nsubj punct nsubj aux:pass expl punct punct compound:prt det amod amod xcomp punct advmod acl compound:prt cc conj case det amod obl punct root “ PUNCT Ho PROPN ! PUNCT who PRON is AUX there PRON ? PUNCT ” PUNCT called VERB out ADP a DET curious ADJ old ADJ duck NOUN , PUNCT still ADV bobbing VERB up ADP and CCONJ down ADV in ADP the DET circular ADJ dance NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 9 called punct 2 Ho Ho PROPN Number=Sing 5 is nsubj 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 Ho punct 4 who who PRON PronType=Rel 5 is nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 called aux:pass 6 there there PRON PronType=Dem 5 is expl 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 5 is punct 8 ” " PUNCT _ 5 is punct 9 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 10 out out ADP _ 9 called compound:prt 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 duck det 12 curious curious ADJ Degree=Pos 14 duck amod 13 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 14 duck amod 14 duck duck NOUN Number=Sing 9 called xcomp 15 , , PUNCT _ 17 bobbing punct 16 still still ADV _ 17 bobbing advmod 17 bobbing bob VERB VerbForm=Ger 14 duck acl 18 up up ADP _ 17 bobbing compound:prt 19 and and CCONJ _ 20 down cc 20 down down ADV _ 18 up conj 21 in in ADP _ 24 dance case 22 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 24 dance det 23 circular circular ADJ Degree=Pos 24 dance amod 24 dance dance NOUN Number=Sing 17 bobbing obl 25 . . PUNCT _ 9 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call out speech: assert present · passive a curious old duck vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V» 2 bob up gerund a curious old duck not said here the circular dance still vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dance=Location
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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