cloning Who acts: cuttings, Copying, cloning, Taking, Identical twins, Scientists · What happens: make, copy, be, steal, take, debate · To what, where: exact copy, living thing, copies, clones, plants, something
«cloning» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cloning in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.
Making an exact copy of a living thing, with the same genes, from one of its cells.
The tree, 17 words det amod obj case det compound nmod punct case det amod obl punct case appos case nmod:poss nmod punct root Making VERB an DET exact ADJ copy NOUN of ADP a DET living NOUN thing NOUN , PUNCT with ADP the DET same ADJ genes NOUN , PUNCT from ADP one NUM of ADP its PRON cells NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Making make VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 copy det 3 exact exact ADJ Degree=Pos 4 copy amod 4 copy copy NOUN Number=Sing 1 Making obj 5 of of ADP _ 8 thing case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 thing det 7 living living NOUN Number=Sing 8 thing compound 8 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 4 copy nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 13 genes punct 10 with with ADP _ 13 genes case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 genes det 12 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 13 genes amod 13 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 1 Making obl 14 , , PUNCT _ 16 one punct 15 from from ADP _ 16 one case 16 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 13 genes appos 17 of of ADP _ 19 cells case 18 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 19 cells nmod:poss 19 cells cell NOUN Number=Plur 16 one nmod 20 . . PUNCT _ 13 genes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make gerund a exact copy of a living thing with the same genes vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product 2 copy a living thing nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Making copies of plants from cuttings, which are clones of the parent plant.
The tree, 13 words obj case nmod case nmod punct nsubj cop conj case det compound nmod punct root Making VERB copies NOUN of ADP plants NOUN from ADP cuttings NOUN , PUNCT which PRON are AUX clones NOUN of ADP the DET parent NOUN plant NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Making make VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 copies copy NOUN Number=Plur 1 Making obj 3 of of ADP _ 4 plants case 4 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 2 copies nmod 5 from from ADP _ 6 cuttings case 6 cuttings cutting NOUN Number=Plur 4 plants nmod 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 clones punct 8 which which PRON PronType=Rel 10 clones nsubj 9 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 clones cop 10 clones clone NOUN Number=Plur 6 cuttings conj 11 of of ADP _ 14 plant case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 plant det 13 parent parent NOUN Number=Sing 14 plant compound 14 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing 10 clones nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 1 Making punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make gerund copies of plants from cuttings and clones vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product 2 is a present cuttings and clones clones of the parent plant tree rules 3 copy plants from cuttings and clones nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient
Meaning 3 Usage: computers — kept apart, not parsed.
Copying something exactly, such as a hard drive or a website.
obj advmod punct case fixed det amod nmod cc det conj punct root Copying VERB something PRON exactly ADV , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP a DET hard ADJ drive NOUN or CCONJ a DET website NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Copying copy VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Copying obj 3 exactly exactly ADV _ 2 something advmod 4 , , PUNCT _ 9 drive punct 5 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 9 drive case 6 as as ADP _ 5 such fixed 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 drive det 8 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 9 drive amod 9 drive drive NOUN Number=Sing 2 something nmod 10 or or CCONJ _ 12 website cc 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 website det 12 website website NOUN Number=Sing 9 drive conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 1 Copying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 copy gerund something such a hard drive or a website vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme
Meaning 4 Usage: crime — kept apart, not parsed.
Copying someone's bank card or phone details secretly to steal money.
csubj nmod:poss case compound obj cc compound conj advmod mark obj punct root Copying VERB someone PRON 's PART bank NOUN card NOUN or CCONJ phone NOUN details NOUN secretly ADV to PART steal VERB money NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Copying copy VERB VerbForm=Ger 11 steal csubj 2 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 card nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 someone case 4 bank bank NOUN Number=Sing 5 card compound 5 card card NOUN Number=Sing 1 Copying obj 6 or or CCONJ _ 8 details cc 7 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 8 details compound 8 details detail NOUN Number=Plur 5 card conj 9 secretly secretly ADV _ 11 steal advmod 10 to to PART _ 11 steal mark 11 steal steal VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 12 money money NOUN Number=Sing 11 steal obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 11 steal punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 copy gerund someone's bank card or phone details vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Theme 2 steal to-infinitive Copying money secretly property vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location money=Theme
Example 1 Dolly the sheep was made by cloning.
nsubj:pass det conj aux:pass case obl punct root Dolly PROPN the DET sheep NOUN was AUX made VERB by ADP cloning NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dolly Dolly PROPN Number=Sing 5 made nsubj:pass 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 sheep det 3 sheep sheep NOUN Number=Plur 1 Dolly conj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 made aux:pass 5 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 by by ADP _ 7 cloning case 7 cloning cloning NOUN Number=Sing 5 made obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past · passive cloning Dolly and the sheep vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product
Example 2 Taking a cutting from a geranium is a kind of cloning.
csubj det obj case det obl cop det case nmod punct root Taking VERB a DET cutting NOUN from ADP a DET geranium NOUN is AUX a DET kind NOUN of ADP cloning NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Taking take VERB VerbForm=Ger 9 kind csubj 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 cutting det 3 cutting cutting NOUN Number=Sing 1 Taking obj 4 from from ADP _ 6 geranium case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 geranium det 6 geranium geranium NOUN Number=Sing 1 Taking obl 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 kind cop 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 kind det 9 kind kind NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 of of ADP _ 11 cloning case 11 cloning cloning NOUN Number=Sing 9 kind nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 kind punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take gerund a cutting a geranium vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent cutting=Theme from geranium=Initial_Location 2 is a present Taking a kind of cloning tree rules
Example 3 Identical twins are natural clones of each other.
amod nsubj cop amod case obl fixed punct root Identical ADJ twins NOUN are AUX natural ADJ clones NOUN of ADP each DET other ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Identical identical ADJ Degree=Pos 2 twins amod 2 twins twin NOUN Number=Plur 5 clones nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 clones cop 4 natural natural ADJ Degree=Pos 5 clones amod 5 clones clone NOUN Number=Plur root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 each case 7 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 5 clones obl 8 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 7 each fixed 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 clones punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Identical twins natural clones of each tree rules
Example 4 Scientists debate whether cloning animals is fair.
nsubj mark compound nsubj cop ccomp punct root Scientists NOUN debate VERB whether SCONJ cloning NOUN animals NOUN is AUX fair ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 debate nsubj 2 debate debate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 whether whether SCONJ _ 7 fair mark 4 cloning cloning NOUN Number=Sing 5 animals compound 5 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 7 fair nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 fair cop 7 fair fair ADJ Degree=Pos 2 debate ccomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 debate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 debate present Scientists vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is present cloning animals fair property tree rules
Example 5 Card cloning is when criminals copy your bank card.
compound nsubj advmod nsubj advcl nmod:poss compound obj punct root Card NOUN cloning NOUN is VERB when ADV criminals NOUN copy VERB your PRON bank NOUN card NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Card card NOUN Number=Sing 2 cloning compound 2 cloning cloning NOUN Number=Sing 3 is nsubj 3 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 copy advmod 5 criminals criminal NOUN Number=Plur 6 copy nsubj 6 copy copy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 is advcl 7 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 card nmod:poss 8 bank bank NOUN Number=Sing 9 card compound 9 card card NOUN Number=Sing 6 copy obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present Card cloning vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 copy present criminals your bank card vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Theme
Example 6 We are cloning the project so each of us has a copy.
nsubj aux det obj advmod nsubj case nmod advcl det obj punct root We PRON are AUX cloning VERB the DET project NOUN so ADV each DET of ADP us PRON has VERB a DET copy NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 cloning nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 cloning aux 3 cloning clone VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 project det 5 project project NOUN Number=Sing 3 cloning obj 6 so so ADV _ 10 has advmod 7 each each DET PronType=Tot 10 has nsubj 8 of of ADP _ 9 us case 9 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 each nmod 10 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 cloning advcl 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 copy det 12 copy copy NOUN Number=Sing 10 has obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 cloning punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 clone present · progressive We the project tree rules 2 have present each a copy vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent copy=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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