coward Who acts: coward, person, Calling, strong insult, they, bully · What happens: be, do, run away, call, mean, have · To what, where: person, danger, someone, strong insult, courage, coward · Speech: someone speaks here
«coward» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: coward in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A coward is a person who is too afraid to do what is right, brave or necessary, or who runs away from danger or difficulty.
The tree, 25 words det nsubj cop det nsubj cop advmod acl:relcl mark xcomp nsubj cop ccomp punct conj cc conj punct cc nsubj conj advmod case obl cc conj punct root A DET coward NOUN is AUX a DET person NOUN who PRON is AUX too ADV afraid ADJ to PART do VERB what PRON is AUX right ADJ , PUNCT brave ADJ or CCONJ necessary ADJ , PUNCT or CCONJ who PRON runs VERB away ADV from ADP danger NOUN or CCONJ difficulty NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 coward det 2 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing 5 person nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 person cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 person det 5 person person NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 who who PRON PronType=Rel 9 afraid nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 afraid cop 8 too too ADV _ 9 afraid advmod 9 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 5 person acl:relcl 10 to to PART _ 11 do mark 11 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 afraid xcomp 12 what what PRON PronType=Int 14 right nsubj 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 right cop 14 right right ADJ Degree=Pos 11 do ccomp 15 , , PUNCT _ 16 brave punct 16 brave brave ADJ Degree=Pos 14 right conj 17 or or CCONJ _ 18 necessary cc 18 necessary necessary ADJ Degree=Pos 14 right conj 19 , , PUNCT _ 22 runs punct 20 or or CCONJ _ 22 runs cc 21 who who PRON PronType=Rel 22 runs nsubj 22 runs run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 right conj 23 away away ADV _ 22 runs advmod 24 from from ADP _ 25 danger case 25 danger danger NOUN Number=Sing 22 runs obl 26 or or CCONJ _ 27 difficulty cc 27 difficulty difficulty NOUN Number=Sing 25 danger conj 28 . . PUNCT _ 5 person punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a coward a person tree rules 2 is present a person afraid property tree rules 3 do to-infinitive a person not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 is present right property tree rules 5 be tree rules 6 be tree rules 7 run away present danger or difficulty away property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from danger=Trajectory
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: insult — kept apart, not parsed.
Calling someone a coward is a strong insult meaning they have no courage.
csubj obj det obj cop det amod acl nsubj ccomp det obj punct root Calling VERB someone PRON a DET coward NOUN is AUX a DET strong ADJ insult NOUN meaning VERB they PRON have VERB no DET courage NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Calling call VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 insult csubj 2 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Calling obj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 coward det 4 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing 1 Calling obj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 insult cop 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 insult det 7 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 8 insult amod 8 insult insult NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 meaning mean VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 insult acl 10 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 have nsubj 11 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 meaning ccomp 12 no no DET PronType=Neg 13 courage det 13 courage courage NOUN Number=Sing 11 have obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 8 insult punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call gerund someone vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme coward=Result 2 is a present Calling a strong insult tree rules 3 mean gerund a strong insult not said here vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 4 have present they no courage vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Patient
Example 1 The bully was a coward who only picked on small children.
det nsubj cop det nsubj advmod acl:relcl case amod obl punct root The DET bully NOUN was AUX a DET coward NOUN who PRON only ADV picked VERB on ADP small ADJ children NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bully det 2 bully bully NOUN Number=Sing 5 coward nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 coward cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 coward det 5 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 who who PRON PronType=Rel 8 picked nsubj 7 only only ADV _ 8 picked advmod 8 picked pick VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 coward acl:relcl 9 on on ADP _ 11 children case 10 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 11 children amod 11 children child NOUN Number=Plur 8 picked obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 coward punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past the bully a coward tree rules 2 pick participle a coward on small children vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent on child=Patient
Example 2 The cowardly lion in the story was really brave in the end.
det amod nsubj case det nmod cop advmod case det obl punct root The DET cowardly ADJ lion NOUN in ADP the DET story NOUN was AUX really ADV brave ADJ in ADP the DET end NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 lion det 2 cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos 3 lion amod 3 lion lion NOUN Number=Sing 9 brave nsubj 4 in in ADP _ 6 story case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 story det 6 story story NOUN Number=Sing 3 lion nmod 7 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 brave cop 8 really really ADV _ 9 brave advmod 9 brave brave ADJ Degree=Pos root root 10 in in ADP _ 12 end case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 end det 12 end end NOUN Number=Sing 9 brave obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 9 brave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the cowardly lion in the story in the end brave property tree rules
Example 3 He called me a coward because I wouldn't jump off the wall.
nsubj obj det xcomp mark nsubj aux advmod advcl case det obl punct root He PRON called VERB me PRON a DET coward NOUN because SCONJ I PRON would AUX n't PART jump VERB off ADP the DET wall NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 called nsubj 2 called call VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 called obj 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 coward det 5 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing 2 called xcomp 6 because because SCONJ _ 10 jump mark 7 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 10 jump nsubj 8 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 10 jump aux 9 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 10 jump advmod 10 jump jump VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 called advcl 11 off off ADP _ 13 wall case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 wall det 13 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 10 jump obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call past He me vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent i=Recipient 2 not jump off would I the wall vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wall=Trajectory
Example 4 Telling the truth when it is hard is the opposite of being a coward.
The tree, 14 words csubj det obj advmod expl cop advcl cop det case cop det nmod punct root Telling VERB the DET truth NOUN when ADV it PRON is AUX hard ADJ is AUX the DET opposite NOUN of ADP being AUX a DET coward NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Telling tell VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 opposite csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 truth det 3 truth truth NOUN Number=Sing 1 Telling obj 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 hard advmod 5 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 hard expl 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 hard cop 7 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Telling advcl 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 opposite cop 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 opposite det 10 opposite opposite NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 of of ADP _ 14 coward case 12 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 14 coward cop 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 coward det 14 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing 10 opposite nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 10 opposite punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell speech: assert gerund the truth vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient 2 is present hard property tree rules 3 is a present Telling the opposite tree rules 4 is gerund of a coward tree rules
Example 5 The soldier was not a coward; he stayed to help his friends.
det nsubj cop advmod det punct nsubj parataxis mark advcl nmod:poss obj punct root The DET soldier NOUN was AUX not PART a DET coward NOUN ; PUNCT he PRON stayed VERB to PART help VERB his PRON friends NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 soldier det 2 soldier soldier NOUN Number=Sing 6 coward nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 coward cop 4 not not PART Polarity=Neg 6 coward advmod 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 coward det 6 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 9 stayed punct 8 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 stayed nsubj 9 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 coward parataxis 10 to to PART _ 11 help mark 11 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 stayed advcl 12 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 friends nmod:poss 13 friends friend NOUN Number=Plur 11 help obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 coward punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not is a past the soldier a coward tree rules 2 stay past he vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 help to-infinitive he not said here his friends vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Beneficiary
Example 6 Running away from the fight was not cowardly; it was sensible.
csubj advmod case det obl cop advmod punct nsubj cop conj punct root Running VERB away ADV from ADP the DET fight NOUN was AUX not PART cowardly ADJ ; PUNCT it PRON was AUX sensible ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Running run VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 cowardly csubj 2 away away ADV _ 1 Running advmod 3 from from ADP _ 5 fight case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 fight det 5 fight fight NOUN Number=Sing 1 Running obl 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 cowardly cop 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 cowardly advmod 8 cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 ; ; PUNCT _ 12 sensible punct 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 sensible nsubj 11 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 sensible cop 12 sensible sensible ADJ Degree=Pos 8 cowardly conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 cowardly punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run away gerund the fight away property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from fight=Trajectory 2 not is past Running cowardly property tree rules 3 is past fight sensible property tree rules
Example 7 Two Tails is a great coward.
nummod nsubj cop det amod punct root Two NUM Tails NOUN is AUX a DET great ADJ coward NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 Tails nummod 2 Tails tail NOUN Number=Plur 6 coward nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 coward cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 coward det 5 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 6 coward amod 6 coward coward NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 coward punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Two Tails a great coward tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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