cowardly Who acts: Cowardly, cowardly act, person, Cowardly Lion, Picking, It · What happens: mean, face, be, avoid, attack, hide · To what, where: danger, risk, someone, others, little brother, attack · Speech: someone speaks here
«cowardly» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cowardly in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Cowardly means not brave, too afraid to face danger, pain or something difficult.
The tree, 13 words nsubj advmod xcomp punct advmod conj mark xcomp obj punct conj cc conj amod punct root Cowardly ADJ means VERB not PART brave ADJ , PUNCT too ADV afraid ADJ to PART face VERB danger NOUN , PUNCT pain NOUN or CCONJ something PRON difficult ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 brave advmod 4 brave brave ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 5 , , PUNCT _ 7 afraid punct 6 too too ADV _ 7 afraid advmod 7 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 4 brave conj 8 to to PART _ 9 face mark 9 face face VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 afraid xcomp 10 danger danger NOUN Number=Sing 9 face obj 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 pain punct 12 pain pain NOUN Number=Sing 10 danger conj 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 something cc 14 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 10 danger conj 15 difficult difficult ADJ Degree=Pos 14 something amod 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Cowardly brave property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 face to-infinitive Cowardly not said here danger and pain vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme danger=Destination
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A cowardly act is mean and unfair because the person avoids risk, such as attacking someone weaker or hiding behind others.
The tree, 21 words det amod nsubj cop cc conj mark det nsubj advcl obj punct mark fixed conj obj amod cc conj case obl punct root A DET cowardly ADJ act NOUN is AUX mean ADJ and CCONJ unfair ADJ because SCONJ the DET person NOUN avoids VERB risk NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP attacking VERB someone PRON weaker ADJ or CCONJ hiding VERB behind ADP others NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 act det 2 cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos 3 act amod 3 act act NOUN Number=Sing 5 mean nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 mean cop 5 mean mean ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 unfair cc 7 unfair unfair ADJ Degree=Pos 5 mean conj 8 because because SCONJ _ 11 avoids mark 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 person det 10 person person NOUN Number=Sing 11 avoids nsubj 11 avoids avoid VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 mean advcl 12 risk risk NOUN Number=Sing 11 avoids obj 13 , , PUNCT _ 16 attacking punct 14 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ 16 attacking mark 15 as as ADP _ 14 such fixed 16 attacking attack VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 risk conj 17 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 16 attacking obj 18 weaker weak ADJ Degree=Cmp 17 someone amod 19 or or CCONJ _ 20 hiding cc 20 hiding hide VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 16 attacking conj 21 behind behind ADP _ 22 others case 22 others other NOUN Number=Plur 20 hiding obl 23 . . PUNCT _ 5 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a cowardly act mean property tree rules 2 be a cowardly act not said here tree rules 3 avoid present the person risk vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent risk=Location 4 attack gerund the person not said here someone vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Patient 5 hide gerund the person not said here others vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent behind other=Location
Example 1 The Cowardly Lion wanted to be brave.
det compound nsubj mark cop xcomp punct root The DET Cowardly PROPN Lion PROPN wanted VERB to PART be AUX brave ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Lion det 2 Cowardly Cowardly PROPN Number=Sing 3 Lion compound 3 Lion Lion PROPN Number=Sing 4 wanted nsubj 4 wanted want VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 to to PART _ 7 brave mark 6 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 brave cop 7 brave brave ADJ Degree=Pos 4 wanted xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 wanted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 want past the Cowardly Lion vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Pivot 2 is not said to happen to-infinitive the Cowardly Lion not said here brave property tree rules
Example 2 Picking on a younger child is cowardly.
csubj case det amod obl cop punct root Picking VERB on ADP a DET younger ADJ child NOUN is AUX cowardly ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Picking pick VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 cowardly csubj 2 on on ADP _ 5 child case 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 child det 4 younger young ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 child amod 5 child child NOUN Number=Sing 1 Picking obl 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 cowardly cop 7 cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 cowardly punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pick gerund on a younger child vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent on child=Patient 2 is present Picking cowardly property tree rules
Example 3 It was cowardly of him to blame his little brother.
nsubj cop advmod case mark acl nmod:poss amod obj punct root It PRON was AUX cowardly ADV of ADP him PRON to PART blame VERB his PRON little ADJ brother NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 him nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 him cop 3 cowardly cowardly ADV _ 5 him advmod 4 of of ADP _ 5 him case 5 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs root root 6 to to PART _ 7 blame mark 7 blame blame VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 him acl 8 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 brother nmod:poss 9 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 10 brother amod 10 brother brother NOUN Number=Sing 7 blame obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 him punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past It of him = he ; cowardly property tree rules 2 blame to-infinitive his little brother vn judgment-33.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent brother=Theme
Example 4 Sam thought refusing to fight was cowardly, but his dad said it was wise.
The tree, 14 words nsubj csubj mark xcomp cop ccomp punct cc nmod:poss nsubj conj expl cop ccomp punct root Sam PROPN thought VERB refusing VERB to PART fight VERB was AUX cowardly ADJ , PUNCT but CCONJ his PRON dad NOUN said VERB it PRON was AUX wise ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sam Sam PROPN Number=Sing 2 thought nsubj 2 thought think VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 refusing refuse VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 cowardly csubj 4 to to PART _ 5 fight mark 5 fight fight VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 refusing xcomp 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 cowardly cop 7 cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos 2 thought ccomp 8 , , PUNCT _ 12 said punct 9 but but CCONJ _ 12 said cc 10 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 dad nmod:poss 11 dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 12 said nsubj 12 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 thought conj 13 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 wise expl 14 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 15 wise cop 15 wise wise ADJ Degree=Pos 12 said ccomp 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 thought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 think speech: other past Sam vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 refuse gerund vn reject-77.2 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 3 not fight to-infinitive vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 is past refusing cowardly property tree rules 5 say speech: assert past Sam's dad vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 6 is past wise property tree rules
Example 5 The newspaper called the attack cowardly.
det acl det xcomp advmod punct root The DET newspaper NOUN called VERB the DET attack NOUN cowardly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 newspaper det 2 newspaper newspaper NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 newspaper acl 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 attack det 5 attack attack NOUN Number=Sing 3 called xcomp 6 cowardly cowardly ADV _ 5 attack advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 newspaper punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call participle the newspaper not said here the attack vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 Sending nasty messages without a name is cowardly.
csubj amod obj case det obl cop punct root Sending VERB nasty ADJ messages NOUN without ADP a DET name NOUN is AUX cowardly ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sending send VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 cowardly csubj 2 nasty nasty ADJ Degree=Pos 3 messages amod 3 messages message NOUN Number=Plur 1 Sending obj 4 without without ADP _ 6 name case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 name det 6 name name NOUN Number=Sing 1 Sending obl 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 cowardly cop 8 cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 cowardly punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 send gerund nasty messages without a name vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme 2 is present Sending cowardly property tree rules
Example 7 “They are the Kalidahs!” said the Cowardly Lion, beginning to tremble.
The tree, 11 words punct nsubj cop det nsubj punct punct det amod nsubj punct advcl mark xcomp punct root “ PUNCT They PRON are AUX the DET Kalidahs PROPN ! PUNCT ” PUNCT said VERB the DET Cowardly ADJ Lion PROPN , PUNCT beginning VERB to PART tremble VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 8 said punct 2 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 Kalidahs nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 Kalidahs cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 Kalidahs det 5 Kalidahs Kalidahs PROPN Number=Sing 8 said nsubj 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 5 Kalidahs punct 7 ” " PUNCT _ 5 Kalidahs punct 8 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 Lion det 10 Cowardly cowardly ADJ Degree=Pos 11 Lion amod 11 Lion Lion PROPN Number=Sing 8 said nsubj 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 beginning punct 13 beginning begin VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 said advcl 14 to to PART _ 15 tremble mark 15 tremble tremble VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 beginning xcomp 16 . . PUNCT _ 8 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present They the Kalidahs tree rules 2 say speech: express past the Kalidahs vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 begin gerund the Kalidahs not said here vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 4 tremble to-infinitive the Kalidahs not said here vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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