cram Who acts: cram food, He, you, She, We · What happens: be, stuff, cram, not cram, revise, hansel down · To what, where: small space, mouth, clothes, one small bag, Twenty people, tiny lift
«cram» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cram in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To cram is to push too many things or people into a small space.
The tree, 14 words mark advcl cop mark advmod amod obj cc conj case det amod obl punct root To PART cram NOUN is AUX to PART push VERB too ADV many ADJ things NOUN or CCONJ people NOUN into ADP a DET small ADJ space NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 cram mark 2 cram cram NOUN Number=Sing 5 push advcl 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 push cop 4 to to PART _ 5 push mark 5 push push VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 6 too too ADV _ 7 many advmod 7 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 8 things amod 8 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 5 push obj 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 people cc 10 people people NOUN Number=Plur 8 things conj 11 into into ADP _ 14 space case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 space det 13 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 14 space amod 14 space space NOUN Number=Sing 5 push obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 5 push punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a small space push property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To cram is to study a lot in a short time just before a test.
The tree, 15 words mark advcl cop mark det obj case det amod obl advmod case det obl punct root To PART cram NOUN is AUX to PART study VERB a DET lot NOUN in ADP a DET short ADJ time NOUN just ADV before ADP a DET test NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 cram mark 2 cram cram NOUN Number=Sing 5 study advcl 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 study cop 4 to to PART _ 5 study mark 5 study study VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 lot det 7 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 5 study obj 8 in in ADP _ 11 time case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 time det 10 short short ADJ Degree=Pos 11 time amod 11 time time NOUN Number=Sing 5 study obl 12 just just ADV _ 15 test advmod 13 before before ADP _ 15 test case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 test det 15 test test NOUN Number=Sing 5 study obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present before a test; time study property tree rules
Meaning 3 To cram food is to eat it very fast, stuffing your mouth.
mark compound nsubj cop mark obj advmod advmod punct advcl nmod:poss obj punct root To PART cram NOUN food NOUN is AUX to PART eat VERB it PRON very ADV fast ADV , PUNCT stuffing VERB your PRON mouth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 food mark 2 cram cram NOUN Number=Sing 3 food compound 3 food food NOUN Number=Sing 6 eat nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 eat cop 5 to to PART _ 6 eat mark 6 eat eat VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 eat obj 8 very very ADV _ 9 fast advmod 9 fast fast ADV Degree=Pos 6 eat advmod 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 stuffing punct 11 stuffing stuff VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 eat advcl 12 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 mouth nmod:poss 13 mouth mouth NOUN Number=Sing 11 stuffing obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present cram food eat, fast property tree rules 2 stuff gerund cram food not said here your mouth vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent mouth=Theme
Example 1 He crammed all his clothes into one small bag.
nsubj det:predet nmod:poss obj case nummod amod obl punct root He PRON crammed VERB all DET his PRON clothes NOUN into ADP one NUM small ADJ bag NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 crammed nsubj 2 crammed cram VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 all all DET PronType=Tot 5 clothes det:predet 4 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 clothes nmod:poss 5 clothes clothes NOUN Number=Ptan 2 crammed obj 6 into into ADP _ 9 bag case 7 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 bag nummod 8 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 9 bag amod 9 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 2 crammed obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 crammed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cram past He his clothes one small bag vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent clothes=Theme into bag=Destination
Example 2 Twenty people crammed into the tiny lift.
nummod acl case det amod obl punct root Twenty NUM people NOUN crammed VERB into ADP the DET tiny ADJ lift NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Twenty twenty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 people nummod 2 people people NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 crammed cram VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 people acl 4 into into ADP _ 7 lift case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 lift det 6 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 7 lift amod 7 lift lift NOUN Number=Sing 3 crammed obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 people punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cram participle Twenty people not said here the tiny lift vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into lift=Destination
Example 3 Don't cram for the test the night before; revise a bit each day.
The tree, 14 words aux advmod case det obl det obl:unmarked advmod punct conj det obj det obl:unmarked punct root Do AUX n't PART cram VERB for ADP the DET test NOUN the DET night NOUN before ADV ; PUNCT revise VERB a DET bit NOUN each DET day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 cram aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 cram advmod 3 cram cram VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 for for ADP _ 6 test case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 test det 6 test test NOUN Number=Sing 3 cram obl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 night det 8 night night NOUN Number=Sing 3 cram obl:unmarked 9 before before ADV _ 3 cram advmod 10 ; ; PUNCT _ 11 revise punct 11 revise revise VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 cram conj 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 bit det 13 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 11 revise obj 14 each each DET PronType=Tot 15 day det 15 day day NOUN Number=Sing 11 revise obl:unmarked 16 . . PUNCT _ 3 cram punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not cram imperative · do-support you not said here night for the test; before property vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 revise infinitive you not said here a bit day vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bit=Patient
Example 4 The cupboard was crammed with old toys.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass case amod obl punct root The DET cupboard NOUN was AUX crammed VERB with ADP old ADJ toys NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cupboard det 2 cupboard cupboard NOUN Number=Sing 4 crammed nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 crammed aux:pass 4 crammed cram VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 with with ADP _ 7 toys case 6 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 7 toys amod 7 toys toy NOUN Number=Plur 4 crammed obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 crammed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cram past · passive the cupboard with old toys vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: subject=Destination with toy=Theme
Example 5 She crammed the whole sandwich into her mouth.
nsubj det amod obj case nmod:poss obl punct root She PRON crammed VERB the DET whole ADJ sandwich NOUN into ADP her PRON mouth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 crammed nsubj 2 crammed cram VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 sandwich det 4 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 5 sandwich amod 5 sandwich sandwich NOUN Number=Sing 2 crammed obj 6 into into ADP _ 8 mouth case 7 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 mouth nmod:poss 8 mouth mouth NOUN Number=Sing 2 crammed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 crammed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cram past She the whole sandwich her mouth vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent sandwich=Theme into mouth=Destination
Example 6 We crammed into the car for the trip.
nsubj case det obl case det obl punct root We PRON crammed VERB into ADP the DET car NOUN for ADP the DET trip NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 crammed nsubj 2 crammed cram VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 into into ADP _ 5 car case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 car det 5 car car NOUN Number=Sing 2 crammed obl 6 for for ADP _ 8 trip case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 trip det 8 trip trip NOUN Number=Sing 2 crammed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 crammed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cram past We the car for the trip vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent into car=Destination
Example 7 The shelves were crammed full of books.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass xcomp case obl punct root The DET shelves NOUN were AUX crammed VERB full ADJ of ADP books NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 shelves det 2 shelves shelf NOUN Number=Plur 4 crammed nsubj:pass 3 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 crammed aux:pass 4 crammed cram VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 full full ADJ Degree=Pos 4 crammed xcomp 6 of of ADP _ 7 books case 7 books book NOUN Number=Plur 5 full obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 crammed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cram past · passive the shelves full property vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
Example 8 Hansel bent down and filled his pocket with as many of them as he could cram in.
The tree, 17 words xcomp compound:prt cc conj nmod:poss obj case advmod obl case nmod mark nsubj aux advcl compound:prt punct root Hansel VERB bent VERB down ADP and CCONJ filled VERB his PRON pocket NOUN with ADP as ADV many ADJ of ADP them PRON as SCONJ he PRON could AUX cram VERB in ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hansel hansel VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 bent bend VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Hansel xcomp 3 down down ADP _ 1 Hansel compound:prt 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 filled cc 5 filled fill VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 1 Hansel conj 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 pocket nmod:poss 7 pocket pocket NOUN Number=Sing 5 filled obj 8 with with ADP _ 10 many case 9 as as ADV _ 10 many advmod 10 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 5 filled obl 11 of of ADP _ 12 them case 12 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 many nmod 13 as as SCONJ _ 16 cram mark 14 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 cram nsubj 15 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 16 cram aux 16 cram cram VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 filled advcl 17 in in ADP _ 16 cram compound:prt 18 . . PUNCT _ 1 Hansel punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hansel down imperative you not said here tree rules 2 bend down participle you not said here vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 fill past you not said here his pocket with many of them vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent pocket=Patient with many=Instrument 4 cram in could he vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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