cud Who acts: food, cow, Sheep, Animals, Grandad, he · What happens: be, swallow, bring back, chew, mean, think · To what, where: Cud food, cow, stomach, cud, food, field · Speech: someone speaks here
«cud» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cud in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Cud is food that a cow, sheep, goat or deer has swallowed and then brings back up from its stomach into its mouth to chew again.
The tree, 26 words compound cop obj det nsubj:pass punct conj punct conj cc conj aux acl:relcl cc advmod conj advmod advmod case nmod:poss obl case nmod:poss obl mark advcl advmod punct root Cud NOUN is AUX food NOUN that PRON a DET cow NOUN , PUNCT sheep NOUN , PUNCT goat NOUN or CCONJ deer NOUN has AUX swallowed VERB and CCONJ then ADV brings VERB back ADV up ADV from ADP its PRON stomach NOUN into ADP its PRON mouth NOUN to PART chew VERB again ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 3 food compound 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 food cop 3 food food NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 that that PRON PronType=Rel 14 swallowed obj 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 cow det 6 cow cow NOUN Number=Sing 14 swallowed nsubj:pass 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 sheep punct 8 sheep sheep NOUN Number=Plur 6 cow conj 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 goat punct 10 goat goat NOUN Number=Sing 6 cow conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 deer cc 12 deer deer NOUN Number=Sing 10 goat conj 13 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 swallowed aux 14 swallowed swallow VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 food acl:relcl 15 and and CCONJ _ 17 brings cc 16 then then ADV PronType=Dem 17 brings advmod 17 brings bring VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 swallowed conj 18 back back ADV _ 19 up advmod 19 up up ADV _ 17 brings advmod 20 from from ADP _ 22 stomach case 21 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 22 stomach nmod:poss 22 stomach stomach NOUN Number=Sing 17 brings obl 23 into into ADP _ 25 mouth case 24 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 25 mouth nmod:poss 25 mouth mouth NOUN Number=Sing 17 brings obl 26 to to PART _ 27 chew mark 27 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 brings advcl 28 again again ADV _ 27 chew advmod 29 . . PUNCT _ 3 food punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Cud food tree rules 2 swallow present · perfect · passive a cow and sheep and goat or deer tree rules 3 bring back present deer's stomach then into stomach's mouth vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent into mouth=Destination 4 chew to-infinitive again vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 «To chew the cud» means to chew food this way; figuratively, it means to think about something slowly and carefully.
The tree, 20 words punct mark csubj det obj punct mark xcomp obj det obl:unmarked punct advmod punct nsubj parataxis mark xcomp case obl advmod cc conj punct root « PUNCT To PART chew VERB the DET cud NOUN » PUNCT means VERB to PART chew VERB food NOUN this DET way NOUN ; PUNCT figuratively ADV , PUNCT it PRON means VERB to PART think VERB about ADP something PRON slowly ADV and CCONJ carefully ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 3 chew punct 2 To to PART _ 3 chew mark 3 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 means csubj 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 cud det 5 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 3 chew obj 6 » » PUNCT _ 3 chew punct 7 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 to to PART _ 9 chew mark 9 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 means xcomp 10 food food NOUN Number=Sing 9 chew obj 11 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 12 way det 12 way way NOUN Number=Sing 9 chew obl:unmarked 13 ; ; PUNCT _ 17 means punct 14 figuratively figuratively ADV _ 17 means advmod 15 , , PUNCT _ 14 figuratively punct 16 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 means nsubj 17 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 means parataxis 18 to to PART _ 19 think mark 19 think think VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 means xcomp 20 about about ADP _ 21 something case 21 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 19 think obl 22 slowly slowly ADV _ 19 think advmod 23 and and CCONJ _ 24 carefully cc 24 carefully carefully ADV _ 22 slowly conj 25 . . PUNCT _ 7 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chew in a quote to-infinitive the cud vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 chew not said to happen to-infinitive food this way obl:unmarked vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient 4 mean present food figuratively property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 5 think speech: other not said to happen to-infinitive food not said here about something; slowly property vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about something=Topic
Example 1 The cow lay in the field chewing the cud.
det nsubj case det obl advcl det obj punct root The DET cow NOUN lay VERB in ADP the DET field NOUN chewing VERB the DET cud NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cow det 2 cow cow NOUN Number=Sing 3 lay nsubj 3 lay lie VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 field case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 field det 6 field field NOUN Number=Sing 3 lay obl 7 chewing chew VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 lay advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 cud det 9 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 7 chewing obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 lay punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lie past the cow the field vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in field=Location 2 chew gerund the cow not said here the cud vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient
Example 2 Sheep and goats chew the cud too.
nsubj cc conj det obj advmod punct root Sheep NOUN and CCONJ goats NOUN chew VERB the DET cud NOUN too ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sheep sheep NOUN Number=Plur 4 chew nsubj 2 and and CCONJ _ 3 goats cc 3 goats goat NOUN Number=Plur 1 Sheep conj 4 chew chew VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 cud det 6 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 4 chew obj 7 too too ADV _ 4 chew advmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 chew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chew present Sheep and goats the cud vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient
Example 3 Animals that chew the cud are called ruminants.
nsubj:pass nsubj acl:relcl det obj aux:pass xcomp punct root Animals NOUN that PRON chew VERB the DET cud NOUN are AUX called VERB ruminants NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 7 called nsubj:pass 2 that that PRON PronType=Rel 3 chew nsubj 3 chew chew VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Animals acl:relcl 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 cud det 5 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 3 chew obj 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 called aux:pass 7 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 ruminants ruminant NOUN Number=Plur 7 called xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 7 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chew present Animals the cud vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient 2 call present · passive Animals vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 4 A cow brings grass back up from its stomach as cud.
det nsubj obj advmod advmod case nmod:poss obl case obl punct root A DET cow NOUN brings VERB grass NOUN back ADV up ADV from ADP its PRON stomach NOUN as ADP cud NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cow det 2 cow cow NOUN Number=Sing 3 brings nsubj 3 brings bring VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 grass grass NOUN Number=Sing 3 brings obj 5 back back ADV _ 6 up advmod 6 up up ADV _ 3 brings advmod 7 from from ADP _ 9 stomach case 8 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 stomach nmod:poss 9 stomach stomach NOUN Number=Sing 3 brings obl 10 as as ADP _ 11 cud case 11 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 3 brings obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 brings punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bring present a cow grass grass's stomach as cud vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent grass=Theme from stomach=Initial_Location
Example 5 Grandad sat on the bench chewing the cud about the old days.
nsubj case det obl advcl det obj case det amod obl punct root Grandad PROPN sat VERB on ADP the DET bench NOUN chewing VERB the DET cud NOUN about ADP the DET old ADJ days NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandad Grandad PROPN Number=Sing 2 sat nsubj 2 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 5 bench case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 bench det 5 bench bench NOUN Number=Sing 2 sat obl 6 chewing chew VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 sat advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 cud det 8 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 6 chewing obj 9 about about ADP _ 12 days case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 days det 11 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 12 days amod 12 days day NOUN Number=Plur 6 chewing obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past Grandad the bench vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on bench=Location 2 chew gerund Grandad not said here the cud day vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient
Example 6 In old laws, animals that chew the cud were allowed as food.
case amod obl punct nsubj:pass nsubj acl:relcl det obj aux:pass case obl punct root In ADP old ADJ laws NOUN , PUNCT animals NOUN that PRON chew VERB the DET cud NOUN were AUX allowed VERB as ADP food NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 laws case 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 laws amod 3 laws law NOUN Number=Plur 11 allowed obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 laws punct 5 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 11 allowed nsubj:pass 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 chew nsubj 7 chew chew VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 animals acl:relcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 cud det 9 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 7 chew obj 10 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 11 allowed aux:pass 11 allowed allow VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 12 as as ADP _ 13 food case 13 food food NOUN Number=Sing 11 allowed obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 11 allowed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chew present animals the cud vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient 2 allow past · passive animals old laws as food vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary
Example 7 When he and his guests entered the courtyard, they noticed the goat tied to the post quietly chewing the cud.
The tree, 20 words advmod nsubj cc nmod:poss conj advcl det obj punct nsubj det obj acl case det obl advmod acl det obj punct root When ADV he PRON and CCONJ his PRON guests NOUN entered VERB the DET courtyard NOUN , PUNCT they PRON noticed VERB the DET goat NOUN tied VERB to ADP the DET post NOUN quietly ADV chewing VERB the DET cud NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 When when ADV PronType=Int 6 entered advmod 2 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 entered nsubj 3 and and CCONJ _ 5 guests cc 4 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 guests nmod:poss 5 guests guest NOUN Number=Plur 2 he conj 6 entered enter VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 11 noticed advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 courtyard det 8 courtyard courtyard NOUN Number=Sing 6 entered obj 9 , , PUNCT _ 6 entered punct 10 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 noticed nsubj 11 noticed notice VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 goat det 13 goat goat NOUN Number=Sing 11 noticed obj 14 tied tie VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 goat acl 15 to to ADP _ 17 post case 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 post det 17 post post NOUN Number=Sing 14 tied obl 18 quietly quietly ADV _ 19 chewing advmod 19 chewing chew VERB VerbForm=Ger 17 post acl 20 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 21 cud det 21 cud cud NOUN Number=Sing 19 chewing obj 22 . . PUNCT _ 11 noticed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 enter past he the courtyard vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme courtyard=Destination 2 notice past guests = guest the goat vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer goat=Stimulus 3 tie participle the goat not said here to the post vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to post=Co-Patient 4 chew gerund the post not said here the cud quietly property vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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