cuneiform Who acts: Cuneiform, Sumerians, Cuneiform marks, Scribes, cuneiform tablets, We · What happens: be, make, shape, press, use, describe · To what, where: one, small shaped marks, wet clay, ancient Mesopotamia, something, wedge
«cuneiform» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cuneiform in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Cuneiform is one of the oldest kinds of writing in the world, made of small wedge-shaped marks pressed into wet clay with a reed, first used in ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq) over 5,000 years ago.
The tree, 36 words nsubj cop case det amod nmod case nmod case det nmod punct parataxis case amod compound punct amod obl acl case amod obl case det obl punct advmod acl case amod obl punct advmod appos punct advmod nummod obl:unmarked advmod punct root Cuneiform NOUN is AUX one NUM of ADP the DET oldest ADJ kinds NOUN of ADP writing NOUN in ADP the DET world NOUN , PUNCT made VERB of ADP small ADJ wedge NOUN - PUNCT shaped VERB marks NOUN pressed VERB into ADP wet ADJ clay NOUN with ADP a DET reed NOUN , PUNCT first ADV used VERB in ADP ancient ADJ Mesopotamia PROPN ( PUNCT now ADV Iraq PROPN ) PUNCT over ADV 5,000 NUM years NOUN ago ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 3 one nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 one cop 3 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card root root 4 of of ADP _ 7 kinds case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 kinds det 6 oldest old ADJ Degree=Sup 7 kinds amod 7 kinds kind NOUN Number=Plur 3 one nmod 8 of of ADP _ 9 writing case 9 writing writing NOUN Number=Sing 7 kinds nmod 10 in in ADP _ 12 world case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 world det 12 world world NOUN Number=Sing 9 writing nmod 13 , , PUNCT _ 14 made punct 14 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 one parataxis 15 of of ADP _ 20 marks case 16 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 20 marks amod 17 wedge wedge NOUN Number=Sing 19 shaped compound 18 - - PUNCT _ 17 wedge punct 19 shaped shape VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 20 marks amod 20 marks mark NOUN Number=Plur 14 made obl 21 pressed press VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 20 marks acl 22 into into ADP _ 24 clay case 23 wet wet ADJ Degree=Pos 24 clay amod 24 clay clay NOUN Number=Sing 21 pressed obl 25 with with ADP _ 27 reed case 26 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 27 reed det 27 reed reed NOUN Number=Sing 21 pressed obl 28 , , PUNCT _ 30 used punct 29 first first ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 30 used advmod 30 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 20 marks acl 31 in in ADP _ 33 Mesopotamia case 32 ancient ancient ADJ Degree=Pos 33 Mesopotamia amod 33 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia PROPN Number=Sing 30 used obl 34 ( ( PUNCT _ 36 Iraq punct 35 now now ADV PronType=Dem 36 Iraq advmod 36 Iraq Iraq PROPN Number=Sing 33 Mesopotamia appos 37 ) ) PUNCT _ 36 Iraq punct 38 over over ADV _ 39 5,000 advmod 39 5,000 5000 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 40 years nummod 40 years year NOUN Number=Plur 41 ago obl:unmarked 41 ago ago ADV _ 30 used advmod 42 . . PUNCT _ 3 one punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Cuneiform one of the oldest kinds of writing in the world tree rules 2 make participle of small shaped marks vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 3 shape participle vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 4 press participle small shaped marks not said here wet clay with a reed vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent into clay=Trajectory 5 use participle small shaped marks not said here ancient Mesopotamia ago, first property vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.
Cuneiform describes something shaped like a wedge, or written in this script.
nsubj obj acl case det obl punct cc acl case det obl punct root Cuneiform NOUN describes VERB something PRON shaped VERB like ADP a DET wedge NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ written VERB in ADP this DET script NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 2 describes nsubj 2 describes describe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 describes obj 4 shaped shape VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 something acl 5 like like ADP _ 7 wedge case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 wedge det 7 wedge wedge NOUN Number=Sing 4 shaped obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 written punct 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 written cc 10 written write VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 wedge acl 11 in in ADP _ 13 script case 12 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 13 script det 13 script script NOUN Number=Sing 10 written obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 describes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 describe present Cuneiform something vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent something=Theme 2 shape participle like a wedge vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 3 write participle a wedge not said here this script vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in script=Destination
Example 1 The Sumerians wrote in cuneiform on clay tablets.
det nsubj case obl case compound obl punct root The DET Sumerians PROPN wrote VERB in ADP cuneiform NOUN on ADP clay NOUN tablets NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Sumerians det 2 Sumerians Sumerian PROPN Number=Plur 3 wrote nsubj 3 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 5 cuneiform case 5 cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 3 wrote obl 6 on on ADP _ 8 tablets case 7 clay clay NOUN Number=Sing 8 tablets compound 8 tablets tablet NOUN Number=Plur 3 wrote obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 wrote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write past the Sumerians cuneiform on clay tablets vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in cuneiform=Destination
Example 2 Cuneiform marks look like tiny triangles and lines.
compound nsubj case amod obl cc conj punct root Cuneiform NOUN marks NOUN look VERB like ADP tiny ADJ triangles NOUN and CCONJ lines NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 2 marks compound 2 marks mark NOUN Number=Plur 3 look nsubj 3 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 like like ADP _ 6 triangles case 5 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 6 triangles amod 6 triangles triangle NOUN Number=Plur 3 look obl 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 lines cc 8 lines line NOUN Number=Plur 6 triangles conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present Cuneiform marks like tiny triangles and lines vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
Example 3 Scribes pressed a reed into wet clay to write cuneiform.
nsubj det obj case amod obl mark advcl obj punct root Scribes NOUN pressed VERB a DET reed NOUN into ADP wet ADJ clay NOUN to PART write VERB cuneiform NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scribes scribe NOUN Number=Plur 2 pressed nsubj 2 pressed press VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 reed det 4 reed reed NOUN Number=Sing 2 pressed obj 5 into into ADP _ 7 clay case 6 wet wet ADJ Degree=Pos 7 clay amod 7 clay clay NOUN Number=Sing 2 pressed obl 8 to to PART _ 9 write mark 9 write write VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 pressed advcl 10 cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 9 write obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 pressed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 press past Scribes a reed wet clay vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reed=Theme 2 write to-infinitive Scribes not said here cuneiform vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cuneiform=Theme
Example 4 Some cuneiform tablets are lists of sheep and barley.
det compound nsubj cop case nmod cc conj punct root Some DET cuneiform NOUN tablets NOUN are AUX lists NOUN of ADP sheep NOUN and CCONJ barley NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 3 tablets det 2 cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 3 tablets compound 3 tablets tablet NOUN Number=Plur 5 lists nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 lists cop 5 lists list NOUN Number=Plur root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 sheep case 7 sheep sheep NOUN Number=Plur 5 lists nmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 barley cc 9 barley barley NOUN Number=Sing 7 sheep conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 lists punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present some cuneiform tablets lists of sheep and barley tree rules
Example 5 We tried writing our names in cuneiform with lollipop sticks and clay.
nsubj xcomp nmod:poss obj case obl case compound nmod cc conj punct root We PRON tried VERB writing VERB our PRON names NOUN in ADP cuneiform NOUN with ADP lollipop NOUN sticks NOUN and CCONJ clay NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 tried nsubj 2 tried try VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 writing write VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 tried xcomp 4 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 names nmod:poss 5 names name NOUN Number=Plur 3 writing obj 6 in in ADP _ 7 cuneiform case 7 cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 3 writing obl 8 with with ADP _ 10 sticks case 9 lollipop lollipop NOUN Number=Sing 10 sticks compound 10 sticks stick NOUN Number=Plur 7 cuneiform nmod 11 and and CCONJ _ 12 clay cc 12 clay clay NOUN Number=Sing 10 sticks conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 tried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 try past We vn try-61.1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 2 write not said to happen gerund We not said here our names cuneiform with lollipop sticks and clay vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in cuneiform=Destination 3 name our nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 6 The British Museum has thousands of cuneiform tablets.
det compound nsubj obj case compound nmod punct root The DET British PROPN Museum PROPN has VERB thousands NOUN of ADP cuneiform NOUN tablets NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Museum det 2 British British PROPN _ 3 Museum compound 3 Museum Museum PROPN Number=Sing 4 has nsubj 4 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 4 has obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 tablets case 7 cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 8 tablets compound 8 tablets tablet NOUN Number=Plur 5 thousands nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the British Museum thousands of cuneiform tablets vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Patient
Example 7 Experts can now read cuneiform.
nsubj aux advmod obj punct root Experts NOUN can AUX now ADV read VERB cuneiform NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Experts expert NOUN Number=Plur 4 read nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 read aux 3 now now ADV PronType=Dem 4 read advmod 4 read read VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 cuneiform cuneiform NOUN Number=Sing 4 read obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read can Experts cuneiform now vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cuneiform=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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