dumb Who acts: dumb, USA, use, people, you, That · What happens: mean, be, speak, say, non-speak, strike · To what, where: rude word, anything, dumb mistake, one, anyone, She · Speech: someone speaks here
«dumb» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: dumb in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 In everyday talk, especially in the USA, dumb means stupid or silly, and it is a rude word for a person.
The tree, 21 words case amod obl punct advmod case det nmod punct nsubj xcomp cc conj punct cc nsubj cop det amod conj case det nmod punct root In ADP everyday ADJ talk NOUN , PUNCT especially ADV in ADP the DET USA PROPN , PUNCT dumb ADJ means VERB stupid ADJ or CCONJ silly ADJ , PUNCT and CCONJ it PRON is AUX a DET rude ADJ word NOUN for ADP a DET person NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 talk case 2 everyday everyday ADJ Degree=Pos 3 talk amod 3 talk talk NOUN Number=Sing 11 means obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 8 USA punct 5 especially especially ADV _ 8 USA advmod 6 in in ADP _ 8 USA case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 USA det 8 USA USA PROPN Number=Sing 3 talk nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 3 talk punct 10 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 11 means nsubj 11 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 12 stupid stupid ADJ Degree=Pos 11 means xcomp 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 silly cc 14 silly silly ADJ Degree=Pos 12 stupid conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 21 word punct 16 and and CCONJ _ 21 word cc 17 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 21 word nsubj 18 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 21 word cop 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 word det 20 rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos 21 word amod 21 word word NOUN Number=Sing 11 means conj 22 for for ADP _ 24 person case 23 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 24 person det 24 person person NOUN Number=Sing 21 word nmod 25 . . PUNCT _ 11 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present dumb in everyday talk in the USA; stupid property vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in talk=Attribute 2 is a present USA a rude word for a person tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 In older English, dumb meant not able to speak; this use is now hurtful and people say «non-speaking» or «unable to speak» instead.
The tree, 23 words case amod obl punct nsubj advmod xcomp mark xcomp punct det nsubj cop advmod parataxis cc nsubj conj punct advcl punct cc punct conj mark xcomp punct advmod punct root In ADP older ADJ English PROPN , PUNCT dumb ADJ meant VERB not PART able ADJ to PART speak VERB ; PUNCT this DET use NOUN is AUX now ADV hurtful ADJ and CCONJ people NOUN say VERB « PUNCT non-speaking VERB » PUNCT or CCONJ « PUNCT unable ADJ to PART speak VERB » PUNCT instead ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 English case 2 older old ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 English amod 3 English English PROPN Number=Sing 6 meant obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 English punct 5 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 6 meant nsubj 6 meant mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 able advmod 8 able able ADJ Degree=Pos 6 meant xcomp 9 to to PART _ 10 speak mark 10 speak speak VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 able xcomp 11 ; ; PUNCT _ 16 hurtful punct 12 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 13 use det 13 use use NOUN Number=Sing 16 hurtful nsubj 14 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 hurtful cop 15 now now ADV PronType=Dem 16 hurtful advmod 16 hurtful hurtful ADJ Degree=Pos 6 meant parataxis 17 and and CCONJ _ 19 say cc 18 people people NOUN Number=Plur 19 say nsubj 19 say say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 hurtful conj 20 « « PUNCT _ 21 non-speaking punct 21 non-speaking non-speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 19 say advcl 22 » » PUNCT _ 21 non-speaking punct 23 or or CCONJ _ 25 unable cc 24 « « PUNCT _ 25 unable punct 25 unable unable ADJ Degree=Pos 21 non-speaking conj 26 to to PART _ 27 speak mark 27 speak speak VERB VerbForm=Inf 25 unable xcomp 28 » » PUNCT _ 27 speak punct 29 instead instead ADV _ 27 speak advmod 30 . . PUNCT _ 6 meant punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean past dumb in older English; able property vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in english=Attribute 2 speak speech: other to-infinitive dumb not said here vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is present this use now hurtful property tree rules 4 say speech: assert present people vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 5 non-speak in a quote gerund people not said here tree rules 6 speak speech: other in a quote to-infinitive people not said here instead property vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 To be struck dumb means to be so surprised that you cannot say anything for a moment.
The tree, 18 words mark aux:pass nsubj xcomp mark cop advmod ccomp mark nsubj aux advmod advcl obj case det nmod punct root To PART be AUX struck VERB dumb ADJ means VERB to PART be AUX so ADV surprised ADJ that SCONJ you PRON can AUX not PART say VERB anything PRON for ADP a DET moment NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 struck mark 2 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 3 struck aux:pass 3 struck strike VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 means nsubj 4 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 3 struck xcomp 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 to to PART _ 9 surprised mark 7 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 9 surprised cop 8 so so ADV _ 9 surprised advmod 9 surprised surprised ADJ Degree=Pos 5 means ccomp 10 that that SCONJ _ 14 say mark 11 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 14 say nsubj 12 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 14 say aux 13 not not PART Polarity=Neg 14 say advmod 14 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 surprised advcl 15 anything anything PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 14 say obj 16 for for ADP _ 18 moment case 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 moment det 18 moment moment NOUN Number=Sing 15 anything nmod 19 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 strike to-infinitive · passive dumb property vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V» 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 3 is not said to happen to-infinitive surprised property tree rules 4 not say speech: assert can you anything for a moment vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent anything=Topic
Example 1 That was a dumb mistake; I forgot to carry the one.
nsubj cop det amod punct nsubj acl:relcl mark xcomp det obj punct root That PRON was AUX a DET dumb ADJ mistake NOUN ; PUNCT I PRON forgot VERB to PART carry VERB the DET one NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 That that PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 mistake nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 mistake cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 mistake det 4 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 5 mistake amod 5 mistake mistake NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 ; ; PUNCT _ 5 mistake punct 7 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 8 forgot nsubj 8 forgot forget VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 mistake acl:relcl 9 to to PART _ 10 carry mark 10 carry carry VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 forgot xcomp 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 one det 12 one one NOUN Number=Sing 10 carry obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 mistake punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past That a dumb mistake tree rules 2 forget past I a dumb mistake not said here tree rules 3 not carry to-infinitive I not said here the one vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme
Example 2 It's unkind to call anyone dumb.
nsubj cop mark advcl obj xcomp punct root It PRON 's AUX unkind ADJ to PART call VERB anyone PRON dumb ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 unkind nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 unkind cop 3 unkind unkind ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to PART _ 5 call mark 5 call call VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 unkind advcl 6 anyone anyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 call obj 7 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 5 call xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 unkind punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present It unkind property tree rules 2 call to-infinitive anyone dumb property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent anyone=Recipient
Example 3 She was struck dumb when she saw the surprise party.
nsubj aux:pass xcomp advmod nsubj advcl det compound obj punct root She PRON was AUX struck VERB dumb ADJ when ADV she PRON saw VERB the DET surprise NOUN party NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 struck nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 struck aux:pass 3 struck strike VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 3 struck xcomp 5 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 saw advmod 6 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 saw nsubj 7 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 struck advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 party det 9 surprise surprise NOUN Number=Sing 10 party compound 10 party party NOUN Number=Sing 7 saw obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 struck punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 strike past · passive She dumb property vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Instrument 2 see past she the surprise party vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer party=Stimulus
Example 4 He played dumb when Mum asked who ate the cake.
nsubj xcomp advmod nsubj advcl nsubj ccomp det obj punct root He PRON played VERB dumb ADJ when ADV Mum PROPN asked VERB who PRON ate VERB the DET cake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 played nsubj 2 played play VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 2 played xcomp 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 asked advmod 5 Mum Mum PROPN Number=Sing 6 asked nsubj 6 asked ask VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 played advcl 7 who who PRON PronType=Rel 8 ate nsubj 8 ate eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 asked ccomp 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 cake det 10 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 8 ate obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 played punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 play past He dumb property vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 ask speech: ask past Mum vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 eat past the cake vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cake=Patient
Example 5 We won by dumb luck, not by skill.
nsubj case amod obl punct advmod case conj punct root We PRON won VERB by ADP dumb ADJ luck NOUN , PUNCT not PART by ADP skill NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 won nsubj 2 won win VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 by by ADP _ 5 luck case 4 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 5 luck amod 5 luck luck NOUN Number=Sing 2 won obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 skill punct 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 9 skill advmod 8 by by ADP _ 9 skill case 9 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing 2 won conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 won punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 win past We by dumb luck vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 I felt dumb when I put my shoes on the wrong feet.
nsubj xcomp advmod nsubj advcl nmod:poss obj case det amod obl punct root I PRON felt VERB dumb ADJ when ADV I PRON put VERB my PRON shoes NOUN on ADP the DET wrong ADJ feet NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 felt nsubj 2 felt feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 2 felt xcomp 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 put advmod 5 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 put nsubj 6 put put VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 felt advcl 7 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 shoes nmod:poss 8 shoes shoe NOUN Number=Plur 6 put obj 9 on on ADP _ 12 feet case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 feet det 11 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 12 feet amod 12 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 6 put obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 felt punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 feel past I dumb property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 put past I my shoes the wrong feet vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent shoe=Theme on foot=Destination
Example 7 Animals are sometimes called «dumb animals» because they cannot talk, but they are not stupid.
The tree, 16 words nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod punct amod xcomp punct mark nsubj aux advmod advcl punct cc nsubj cop advmod conj punct root Animals NOUN are AUX sometimes ADV called VERB « PUNCT dumb ADJ animals NOUN » PUNCT because SCONJ they PRON can AUX not PART talk VERB , PUNCT but CCONJ they PRON are AUX not PART stupid ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 4 called nsubj:pass 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 called aux:pass 3 sometimes sometimes ADV PronType=Ind 4 called advmod 4 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 « « PUNCT _ 7 animals punct 6 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos 7 animals amod 7 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 4 called xcomp 8 » » PUNCT _ 7 animals punct 9 because because SCONJ _ 13 talk mark 10 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 talk nsubj 11 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 13 talk aux 12 not not PART Polarity=Neg 13 talk advmod 13 talk talk VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 called advcl 14 , , PUNCT _ 19 stupid punct 15 but but CCONJ _ 19 stupid cc 16 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 stupid nsubj 17 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 19 stupid cop 18 not not PART Polarity=Neg 19 stupid advmod 19 stupid stupid ADJ Degree=Pos 4 called conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive Animals sometimes property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient 2 not talk can Animals = animal vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 not is present Animals = animal stupid property tree rules
Example 8 The lad was dumb with fright.
det nsubj cop case obl punct root The DET lad NOUN was AUX dumb ADJ with ADP fright NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 lad det 2 lad lad NOUN Number=Sing 4 dumb nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 dumb cop 4 dumb dumb ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 with with ADP _ 6 fright case 6 fright fright NOUN Number=Sing 4 dumb obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 dumb punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the lad with fright; dumb property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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