dunce Who acts: person, pupils, dunce, teacher, him, Calling · What happens: be, learn, think, make, wear, have · To what, where: pupils, old school, corner, him, cap, someone · Speech: someone speaks here
«dunce» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: dunce in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: old-fashioned, unkind — kept apart, not parsed.
A person who is slow to learn or thought to be stupid, especially a pupil.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj nsubj cop mark advcl cc conj mark cop xcomp punct advmod det obl punct root A DET person NOUN who PRON is AUX slow ADJ to PART learn VERB or CCONJ thought VERB to PART be AUX stupid ADJ , PUNCT especially ADV a DET pupil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 person det 2 person person NOUN Number=Sing 5 slow nsubj 3 who who PRON PronType=Rel 5 slow nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 slow cop 5 slow slow ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 to to PART _ 7 learn mark 7 learn learn VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 slow advcl 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 thought cc 9 thought think VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 slow conj 10 to to PART _ 12 stupid mark 11 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 12 stupid cop 12 stupid stupid ADJ Degree=Pos 9 thought xcomp 13 , , PUNCT _ 16 pupil punct 14 especially especially ADV _ 16 pupil advmod 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 pupil det 16 pupil pupil NOUN Number=Sing 12 stupid obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 5 slow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a person slow property tree rules 2 learn to-infinitive a person not said here vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 think speech: other participle a person not said here vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 is to-infinitive a person not said here a pupil obl ; stupid property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 In «dunce's cap» (dunce cap): a tall paper cone hat that pupils in old schools were made to wear as a punishment.
The tree, 23 words case punct nmod:poss case punct punct compound appos punct punct det amod compound compound conj obj nsubj:pass case amod nmod aux:pass acl:relcl mark xcomp case det obl punct root In ADP « PUNCT dunce NOUN 's PART cap NOUN » PUNCT ( PUNCT dunce NOUN cap NOUN ) PUNCT : PUNCT a DET tall ADJ paper NOUN cone NOUN hat NOUN that PRON pupils NOUN in ADP old ADJ schools NOUN were AUX made VERB to PART wear VERB as ADP a DET punishment NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 5 cap case 2 « « PUNCT _ 5 cap punct 3 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 5 cap nmod:poss 4 's 's PART _ 3 dunce case 5 cap cap NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 » » PUNCT _ 5 cap punct 7 ( ( PUNCT _ 9 cap punct 8 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 9 cap compound 9 cap cap NOUN Number=Sing 5 cap appos 10 ) ) PUNCT _ 9 cap punct 11 : : PUNCT _ 16 hat punct 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 hat det 13 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 16 hat amod 14 paper paper NOUN Number=Sing 16 hat compound 15 cone cone NOUN Number=Sing 16 hat compound 16 hat hat NOUN Number=Sing 5 cap conj 17 that that PRON PronType=Rel 23 made obj 18 pupils pupil NOUN Number=Plur 23 made nsubj:pass 19 in in ADP _ 21 schools case 20 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 21 schools amod 21 schools school NOUN Number=Plur 18 pupils nmod 22 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 23 made aux:pass 23 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 16 hat acl:relcl 24 to to PART _ 25 wear mark 25 wear wear VERB VerbForm=Inf 23 made xcomp 26 as as ADP _ 28 punishment case 27 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 28 punishment det 28 punishment punishment NOUN Number=Sing 25 wear obl 29 . . PUNCT _ 5 cap punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past · passive pupils in old schools tree rules 2 wear to-infinitive pupils in old schools not said here as a punishment vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent
Example 1 In the old school, the dunce had to sit in the corner.
case det amod obl punct det nsubj mark xcomp case det obl punct root In ADP the DET old ADJ school NOUN , PUNCT the DET dunce NOUN had VERB to PART sit VERB in ADP the DET corner NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 4 school case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 school det 3 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 school amod 4 school school NOUN Number=Sing 8 had obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 school punct 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 dunce det 7 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 8 had nsubj 8 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 to to PART _ 10 sit mark 10 sit sit VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 had xcomp 11 in in ADP _ 13 corner case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 corner det 13 corner corner NOUN Number=Sing 10 sit obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 8 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the dunce the old school tree rules 2 sit to-infinitive the dunce not said here the corner vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in corner=Location
Example 2 The teacher made him wear a dunce's cap.
det nsubj obj xcomp det nmod:poss case obj punct root The DET teacher NOUN made VERB him PRON wear VERB a DET dunce NOUN 's PART cap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 teacher det 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 made nsubj 3 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 made obj 5 wear wear VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 made xcomp 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 dunce det 7 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 9 cap nmod:poss 8 's 's PART _ 7 dunce case 9 cap cap NOUN Number=Sing 5 wear obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the teacher him = he tree rules 2 wear infinitive him = he not said here a dunce's cap vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent cap=Theme
Example 3 Calling someone a dunce is unkind.
csubj obj det obj cop punct root Calling VERB someone PRON a DET dunce NOUN is AUX unkind ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Calling call VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 unkind csubj 2 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Calling obj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 dunce det 4 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 1 Calling obj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 unkind cop 6 unkind unkind ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 unkind punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call gerund someone vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme dunce=Result 2 is present Calling unkind property tree rules
Example 4 Toad acted like a dunce, but he thought he was clever.
nsubj case det obl punct cc nsubj conj nsubj cop ccomp punct root Toad PROPN acted VERB like ADP a DET dunce NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ he PRON thought VERB he PRON was AUX clever ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toad Toad PROPN Number=Sing 2 acted nsubj 2 acted act VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 like like ADP _ 5 dunce case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 dunce det 5 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 2 acted obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 thought punct 7 but but CCONJ _ 9 thought cc 8 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 thought nsubj 9 thought think VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 acted conj 10 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 clever nsubj 11 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 clever cop 12 clever clever ADJ Degree=Pos 9 thought ccomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 acted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 act past Toad like a dunce vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent like dunce=Attribute 2 think speech: other past Toad vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is past Toad clever property tree rules
Example 5 «I'm such a dunce at maths!» she laughed – but she was wrong.
The tree, 13 words punct nsubj cop det:predet det ccomp case nmod punct punct nsubj punct cc nsubj cop conj punct root « PUNCT I PRON 'm AUX such DET a DET dunce NOUN at ADP maths NOUN ! PUNCT » PUNCT she PRON laughed VERB – PUNCT but CCONJ she PRON was AUX wrong ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 6 dunce punct 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 dunce nsubj 3 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 dunce cop 4 such such DET PronType=Ind 6 dunce det:predet 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 dunce det 6 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 12 laughed ccomp 7 at at ADP _ 8 maths case 8 maths math NOUN Number=Plur 6 dunce nmod 9 ! ! PUNCT _ 6 dunce punct 10 » » PUNCT _ 6 dunce punct 11 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 laughed nsubj 12 laughed laugh VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 13 – - PUNCT _ 17 wrong punct 14 but but CCONJ _ 17 wrong cc 15 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 wrong nsubj 16 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 17 wrong cop 17 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 12 laughed conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 12 laughed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present I such dunce maths tree rules 2 laugh past she vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is past she wrong property tree rules
Example 6 Today no teacher uses a dunce's cap.
obl:unmarked det nsubj det nmod:poss case obj punct root Today NOUN no DET teacher NOUN uses VERB a DET dunce NOUN 's PART cap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Today today NOUN Number=Sing 4 uses obl:unmarked 2 no no DET PronType=Neg 3 teacher det 3 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 4 uses nsubj 4 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 dunce det 6 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 8 cap nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 dunce case 8 cap cap NOUN Number=Sing 4 uses obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 uses punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present no teacher a dunce's cap today vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cap=Patient
Example 7 Once upon a time there lived an old couple who had three sons; the two elder were clever, but the third was a regular dunce.
The tree, 25 words advmod case det obl advmod det amod obj nsubj acl:relcl nummod obj punct det nummod nsubj cop conj punct cc det nsubj cop det amod parataxis punct root Once ADV upon ADP a DET time NOUN there ADV lived VERB an DET old ADJ couple NOUN who PRON had VERB three NUM sons NOUN ; PUNCT the DET two NUM elder NOUN were AUX clever ADJ , PUNCT but CCONJ the DET third NOUN was AUX a DET regular ADJ dunce NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Once once ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Mult 6 lived advmod 2 upon upon ADP _ 4 time case 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 time det 4 time time NOUN Number=Sing 6 lived obl 5 there there ADV PronType=Dem 6 lived advmod 6 lived live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 couple det 8 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 9 couple amod 9 couple couple NOUN Number=Sing 6 lived obj 10 who who PRON PronType=Rel 11 had nsubj 11 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 couple acl:relcl 12 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 13 sons nummod 13 sons son NOUN Number=Plur 11 had obj 14 ; ; PUNCT _ 19 clever punct 15 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 elder det 16 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 17 elder nummod 17 elder elder NOUN Number=Sing 19 clever nsubj 18 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 19 clever cop 19 clever clever ADJ Degree=Pos 6 lived conj 20 , , PUNCT _ 27 dunce punct 21 but but CCONJ _ 27 dunce cc 22 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 23 third det 23 third third NOUN Number=Sing 27 dunce nsubj 24 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 27 dunce cop 25 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 27 dunce det 26 regular regular ADJ Degree=Pos 27 dunce amod 27 dunce dunce NOUN Number=Sing 19 clever parataxis 28 . . PUNCT _ 6 lived punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live past a old couple there time once property vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme couple=Location 2 have past a old couple three sons vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent son=Patient 3 is past the two elder clever property tree rules 4 is a past the third a regular dunce tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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