dung Who acts: Dung, plants, dung beetle, Farmers, crops, Elephant dung · What happens: be, use, help, grow, dry, burn · To what, where: solid waste, Dung, farms, plants, places, ball · Speech: someone speaks here
«dung» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: dung in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Dung is the solid waste, or poo, of animals, especially large animals like cows, horses and elephants.
The tree, 17 words nsubj cop det amod punct cc conj punct case parataxis punct advmod amod nmod case nmod punct conj cc conj punct root Dung NOUN is AUX the DET solid ADJ waste NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ poo NOUN , PUNCT of ADP animals NOUN , PUNCT especially ADV large ADJ animals NOUN like ADP cows NOUN , PUNCT horses NOUN and CCONJ elephants NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 5 waste nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 waste cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 waste det 4 solid solid ADJ Degree=Pos 5 waste amod 5 waste waste NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 8 poo punct 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 poo cc 8 poo poo NOUN Number=Sing 5 waste conj 9 , , PUNCT _ 11 animals punct 10 of of ADP _ 11 animals case 11 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 5 waste parataxis 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 animals punct 13 especially especially ADV _ 15 animals advmod 14 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 15 animals amod 15 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 11 animals nmod 16 like like ADP _ 17 cows case 17 cows cow NOUN Number=Plur 15 animals nmod 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 horses punct 19 horses horse NOUN Number=Plur 17 cows conj 20 and and CCONJ _ 21 elephants cc 21 elephants elephant NOUN Number=Plur 17 cows conj 22 . . PUNCT _ 5 waste punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Dung the solid waste or poo tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Dung is used on farms as manure to help plants grow, and in some places it is dried and burned as fuel.
The tree, 22 words nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl case nmod mark advcl obj xcomp punct cc case det obl nsubj aux:pass conj cc conj case obl punct root Dung NOUN is AUX used VERB on ADP farms NOUN as ADP manure NOUN to PART help VERB plants NOUN grow VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ in ADP some DET places NOUN it PRON is AUX dried VERB and CCONJ burned VERB as ADP fuel NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 3 used nsubj:pass 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 used aux:pass 3 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 on on ADP _ 5 farms case 5 farms farm NOUN Number=Plur 3 used obl 6 as as ADP _ 7 manure case 7 manure manure NOUN Number=Sing 5 farms nmod 8 to to PART _ 9 help mark 9 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 used advcl 10 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 9 help obj 11 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 help xcomp 12 , , PUNCT _ 19 dried punct 13 and and CCONJ _ 19 dried cc 14 in in ADP _ 16 places case 15 some some DET PronType=Ind 16 places det 16 places place NOUN Number=Plur 19 dried obl 17 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 dried nsubj 18 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 19 dried aux:pass 19 dried dry VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 used conj 20 and and CCONJ _ 21 burned cc 21 burned burn VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 19 dried conj 22 as as ADP _ 23 fuel case 23 fuel fuel NOUN Number=Sing 21 burned obl 24 . . PUNCT _ 3 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present · passive Dung farms as manure vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient 2 help to-infinitive plants vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent plant=Beneficiary clause=Theme 3 grow infinitive plants not said here vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 dry present · passive Dung some places vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result 5 burn participle as fuel vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 The dung beetle rolled a ball of dung across the sand.
det compound nsubj det obj case nmod case det obl punct root The DET dung NOUN beetle NOUN rolled VERB a DET ball NOUN of ADP dung NOUN across ADP the DET sand NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 beetle det 2 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 3 beetle compound 3 beetle beetle NOUN Number=Sing 4 rolled nsubj 4 rolled roll VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 ball det 6 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 4 rolled obj 7 of of ADP _ 8 dung case 8 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 6 ball nmod 9 across across ADP _ 11 sand case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 sand det 11 sand sand NOUN Number=Sing 4 rolled obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 rolled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 roll past the dung beetle a ball of dung the sand vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent ball=Theme across sand=Trajectory
Example 2 Farmers spread cow dung on the fields to help crops grow.
nsubj compound obj case det obl mark advcl obj xcomp punct root Farmers NOUN spread VERB cow NOUN dung NOUN on ADP the DET fields NOUN to PART help VERB crops NOUN grow VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Farmers farmer NOUN Number=Plur 2 spread nsubj 2 spread spread VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 cow cow NOUN Number=Sing 4 dung compound 4 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 2 spread obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 fields case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 fields det 7 fields field NOUN Number=Plur 2 spread obl 8 to to PART _ 9 help mark 9 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 spread advcl 10 crops crop NOUN Number=Plur 9 help obj 11 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 help xcomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 spread punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread present Farmers cow dung the fields vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent dung=Theme on field=Destination 2 help to-infinitive Farmers not said here crops vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent crop=Beneficiary clause=Theme 3 grow infinitive crops not said here vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Elephant dung is full of seeds.
compound nsubj cop case obl punct root Elephant NOUN dung NOUN is AUX full ADJ of ADP seeds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Elephant elephant NOUN Number=Sing 2 dung compound 2 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 4 full nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 full cop 4 full full ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 seeds case 6 seeds seed NOUN Number=Plur 4 full obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 full punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Elephant dung of seeds; full property tree rules
Example 4 In some villages dried dung is used as fuel.
case det obl amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root In ADP some DET villages NOUN dried VERB dung NOUN is AUX used VERB as ADP fuel NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 villages case 2 some some DET PronType=Ind 3 villages det 3 villages village NOUN Number=Plur 7 used obl 4 dried dry VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 dung amod 5 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 7 used nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 used aux:pass 7 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 as as ADP _ 9 fuel case 9 fuel fuel NOUN Number=Sing 7 used obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 dry participle vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 use present · passive dried dung some villages as fuel vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as fuel=Attribute
Example 5 The smell of horse dung filled the stable.
det nsubj case compound nmod det obj punct root The DET smell NOUN of ADP horse NOUN dung NOUN filled VERB the DET stable NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 smell det 2 smell smell NOUN Number=Sing 6 filled nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 dung case 4 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 5 dung compound 5 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 2 smell nmod 6 filled fill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 stable det 8 stable stable NOUN Number=Sing 6 filled obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 filled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fill past the smell of horse dung the stable vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent stable=Patient 2 smell horse dung nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent
Example 6 Scientists study dung to find out what animals eat.
nsubj obj mark advcl compound:prt obj nsubj ccomp punct root Scientists NOUN study VERB dung NOUN to PART find VERB out ADP what PRON animals NOUN eat VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 study nsubj 2 study study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 2 study obj 4 to to PART _ 5 find mark 5 find find VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 study advcl 6 out out ADP _ 5 find compound:prt 7 what what PRON PronType=Int 9 eat obj 8 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 9 eat nsubj 9 eat eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 find ccomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present Scientists dung vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dung=Topic 2 find out to-infinitive Scientists not said here vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 eat present animals vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Patient
Example 7 Watch out for the cow dung in the field!
compound:prt case det compound obl case det obl punct root Watch VERB out ADP for ADP the DET cow NOUN dung NOUN in ADP the DET field NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Watch watch VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 out out ADP _ 1 Watch compound:prt 3 for for ADP _ 6 dung case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 dung det 5 cow cow NOUN Number=Sing 6 dung compound 6 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 1 Watch obl 7 in in ADP _ 9 field case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 field det 9 field field NOUN Number=Sing 1 Watch obl 10 ! ! PUNCT _ 1 Watch punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 watch out imperative you not said here the field for the cow dung vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for dung=Theme in field=Location
Example 8 "Perhaps you came from a dung-heap," observed the oldest of them.
The tree, 12 words punct advmod nsubj case det compound punct obl punct punct conj det ccomp case nmod punct root " PUNCT Perhaps ADV you PRON came VERB from ADP a DET dung NOUN - PUNCT heap NOUN , PUNCT " PUNCT observed VERB the DET oldest ADJ of ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 came punct 2 Perhaps perhaps ADV _ 4 came advmod 3 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 came nsubj 4 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 from from ADP _ 9 heap case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 heap det 7 dung dung NOUN Number=Sing 9 heap compound 8 - - PUNCT _ 7 dung punct 9 heap heap NOUN Number=Sing 4 came obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 12 observed punct 11 " " PUNCT _ 12 observed punct 12 observed observe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 came conj 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 oldest det 14 oldest old ADJ Degree=Sup 12 observed ccomp 15 of of ADP _ 16 them case 16 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 14 oldest nmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 4 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come in a quote past you a dung heap perhaps property vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from heap=Initial_Location 2 observe past you not said here vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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