esperanto Who acts: Esperanto, people, different countries, saluton, uncle, noun · What happens: be, invent, talk, share, help, understand · To what, where: language, one simple shared language, Esperanto, people, each, friends · Speech: someone speaks here
«esperanto» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: esperanto in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Esperanto is a language invented more than a hundred years ago by L. L. Zamenhof, a doctor from Poland, so that people from different countries could talk easily in one simple shared language.
The tree, 33 words nsubj cop det acl advmod fixed det nummod obl:unmarked advmod case compound obl:agent flat punct det appos case nmod punct mark mark nsubj case amod nmod aux parataxis advmod case nummod amod amod obl punct root Esperanto PROPN is AUX a DET language NOUN invented VERB more ADJ than ADP a DET hundred NUM years NOUN ago ADV by ADP L. PROPN L. PROPN Zamenhof PROPN , PUNCT a DET doctor NOUN from ADP Poland PROPN , PUNCT so SCONJ that SCONJ people NOUN from ADP different ADJ countries NOUN could AUX talk VERB easily ADV in ADP one NUM simple ADJ shared VERB language NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 4 language nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 language cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 language det 4 language language NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 invented invent VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 language acl 6 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp ExtPos=ADV 9 hundred advmod 7 than than ADP _ 6 more fixed 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 hundred det 9 hundred hundred NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 10 years nummod 10 years year NOUN Number=Plur 11 ago obl:unmarked 11 ago ago ADV _ 5 invented advmod 12 by by ADP _ 14 L. case 13 L. L. PROPN Number=Sing 14 L. compound 14 L. L. PROPN Number=Sing 5 invented obl:agent 15 Zamenhof Zamenhof PROPN Number=Sing 14 L. flat 16 , , PUNCT _ 18 doctor punct 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 doctor det 18 doctor doctor NOUN Number=Sing 14 L. appos 19 from from ADP _ 20 Poland case 20 Poland Poland PROPN Number=Sing 18 doctor nmod 21 , , PUNCT _ 29 talk punct 22 so so SCONJ _ 29 talk mark 23 that that SCONJ _ 29 talk mark 24 people people NOUN Number=Plur 29 talk nsubj 25 from from ADP _ 27 countries case 26 different different ADJ Degree=Pos 27 countries amod 27 countries country NOUN Number=Plur 24 people nmod 28 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 29 talk aux 29 talk talk VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 language parataxis 30 easily easily ADV _ 29 talk advmod 31 in in ADP _ 35 language case 32 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 35 language nummod 33 simple simple ADJ Degree=Pos 35 language amod 34 shared share VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 35 language amod 35 language language NOUN Number=Sing 29 talk obl 36 . . PUNCT _ 4 language punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Esperanto a language tree rules 2 invent participle a language not said here ago property vn create-26.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 talk could people from different countries one simple shared language easily property vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 share participle tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 Esperanto was invented to help people from different countries understand each other.
nsubj aux:pass mark advcl obj mark amod nsubj advcl obj fixed punct root Esperanto PROPN was AUX invented VERB to PART help VERB people NOUN from SCONJ different ADJ countries NOUN understand VERB each DET other ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 3 invented nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 invented aux:pass 3 invented invent VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 to to PART _ 5 help mark 5 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 invented advcl 6 people people NOUN Number=Plur 5 help obj 7 from from SCONJ _ 10 understand mark 8 different different ADJ Degree=Pos 9 countries amod 9 countries country NOUN Number=Plur 10 understand nsubj 10 understand understand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 help advcl 11 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 10 understand obj 12 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 11 each fixed 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 invented punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 invent past · passive Esperanto vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result 2 help to-infinitive people vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary 3 understand present different countries each vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer each=Stimulus
Example 2 In Esperanto, «saluton» means hello.
case obl punct punct nsubj punct obj punct root In ADP Esperanto PROPN , PUNCT « PUNCT saluton NOUN » PUNCT means VERB hello INTJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 Esperanto case 2 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 7 means obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 Esperanto punct 4 « « PUNCT _ 5 saluton punct 5 saluton saluton NOUN Number=Sing 7 means nsubj 6 » » PUNCT _ 5 saluton punct 7 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 hello hello INTJ _ 7 means obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 7 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present saluton in Esperanto vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot hello=Theme in esperanto=Attribute
Example 3 My uncle learned Esperanto and wrote to friends in Japan.
nmod:poss nsubj obj cc conj case obl case nmod punct root My PRON uncle NOUN learned VERB Esperanto PROPN and CCONJ wrote VERB to ADP friends NOUN in ADP Japan PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 uncle nmod:poss 2 uncle uncle NOUN Number=Sing 3 learned nsubj 3 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 3 learned obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 wrote cc 6 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 learned conj 7 to to ADP _ 8 friends case 8 friends friend NOUN Number=Plur 6 wrote obl 9 in in ADP _ 10 Japan case 10 Japan Japan PROPN Number=Sing 8 friends nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past My uncle Esperanto vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent esperanto=Topic 2 write past My uncle not said here friends in Japan vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.recipient PP.topic»: agent=Agent to friend=Recipient
Example 4 Every noun in Esperanto ends in -o.
det nsubj case nmod case punct obl punct root Every DET noun NOUN in ADP Esperanto PROPN ends VERB in ADP - PUNCT o NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Every every DET PronType=Tot 2 noun det 2 noun noun NOUN Number=Sing 5 ends nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 4 Esperanto case 4 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 2 noun nmod 5 ends end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 in in ADP _ 8 o case 7 - - PUNCT _ 6 in punct 8 o o NOUN _ 5 ends obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 ends punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end present every noun in Esperanto o vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Example 5 Esperanto is easier to learn than many natural languages.
nsubj cop mark csubj case amod amod obl punct root Esperanto PROPN is AUX easier ADJ to PART learn VERB than ADP many ADJ natural ADJ languages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 3 easier nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 easier cop 3 easier easy ADJ Degree=Cmp root root 4 to to PART _ 5 learn mark 5 learn learn VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 easier csubj 6 than than ADP _ 9 languages case 7 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 9 languages amod 8 natural natural ADJ Degree=Pos 9 languages amod 9 languages language NOUN Number=Plur 5 learn obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 easier punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Esperanto easy property tree rules 2 learn to-infinitive than many natural languages vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 There are Esperanto meetings in many big cities.
expl compound nsubj case amod amod nmod punct root There PRON are VERB Esperanto PROPN meetings NOUN in ADP many ADJ big ADJ cities NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 are expl 2 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 4 meetings compound 4 meetings meeting NOUN Number=Plur 2 are nsubj 5 in in ADP _ 8 cities case 6 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 8 cities amod 7 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 8 cities amod 8 cities city NOUN Number=Plur 4 meetings nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 are punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 does present Esperanto meetings in many big cities there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 The inventor of Esperanto hoped it would bring peace.
det nsubj case nmod nsubj aux ccomp obj punct root The DET inventor NOUN of ADP Esperanto PROPN hoped VERB it PRON would AUX bring VERB peace NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 inventor det 2 inventor inventor NOUN Number=Sing 5 hoped nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 Esperanto case 4 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN Number=Sing 2 inventor nmod 5 hoped hope VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 bring nsubj 7 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 bring aux 8 bring bring VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 hoped ccomp 9 peace peace NOUN Number=Sing 8 bring obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 hoped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hope past the inventor of Esperanto vn long-32.2 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme 2 bring would inventor peace vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent peace=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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