genetics Who acts: Genetics, genes, study, Mendel, red hair, grandads · What happens: be, pass, bear, affect, grow, look · To what, where: science, features, children, genes, genetics, study · Speech: someone speaks here
«genetics» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: genetics in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Genetics is the science of how features, like eye colour, are passed from parents to children through genes.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det mark advmod nsubj:pass punct case compound appos punct aux:pass advcl case obl case obl case obl punct root Genetics NOUN is AUX the DET science NOUN of SCONJ how ADV features NOUN , PUNCT like ADP eye NOUN colour NOUN , PUNCT are AUX passed VERB from ADP parents NOUN to ADP children NOUN through ADP genes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 4 science nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 science cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 science det 4 science science NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of SCONJ _ 14 passed mark 6 how how ADV PronType=Int 14 passed advmod 7 features feature NOUN Number=Plur 14 passed nsubj:pass 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 colour punct 9 like like ADP _ 11 colour case 10 eye eye NOUN Number=Sing 11 colour compound 11 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 7 features appos 12 , , PUNCT _ 11 colour punct 13 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 passed aux:pass 14 passed pass VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 science advcl 15 from from ADP _ 16 parents case 16 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 14 passed obl 17 to to ADP _ 18 children case 18 children child NOUN Number=Plur 14 passed obl 19 through through ADP _ 20 genes case 20 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 14 passed obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 4 science punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Genetics the science tree rules 2 pass present · passive features children genes from parents vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: subject=Theme from parent=Initial_Location to child=Destination
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Someone's genetics are the genes they were born with, which affect how they grow and look.
The tree, 17 words nmod:poss case nsubj cop det nsubj:pass aux:pass acl:relcl obl punct nsubj conj advmod nsubj advcl cc conj punct root Someone PRON 's PART genetics NOUN are AUX the DET genes NOUN they PRON were AUX born VERB with ADP , PUNCT which PRON affect VERB how ADV they PRON grow VERB and CCONJ look VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 3 genetics nmod:poss 2 's 's PART _ 1 Someone case 3 genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 6 genes nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 genes cop 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 genes det 6 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur root root 7 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 born nsubj:pass 8 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 born aux:pass 9 born bear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 genes acl:relcl 10 with with ADP _ 9 born obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 affect punct 12 which which PRON PronType=Rel 13 affect nsubj 13 affect affect VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 genes conj 14 how how ADV PronType=Int 16 grow advmod 15 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 grow nsubj 16 grow grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 affect advcl 17 and and CCONJ _ 18 look cc 18 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 grow conj 19 . . PUNCT _ 6 genes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Someone's genetics the genes tree rules 2 bear past · passive the genes not said here genetics vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient 3 affect present the genes vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 4 grow present genetics vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 5 look present genetics not said here vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
Example 1 Genetics is the study of how living things inherit features.
nsubj cop det case advmod amod obl acl:relcl obj punct root Genetics NOUN is AUX the DET study NOUN of ADP how ADV living ADJ things NOUN inherit VERB features NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 4 study nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 study cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 study det 4 study study NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 8 things case 6 how how ADV PronType=Int 7 living advmod 7 living living ADJ Degree=Pos 8 things amod 8 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 9 inherit obl 9 inherit inherit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 study acl:relcl 10 features feature NOUN Number=Plur 9 inherit obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Genetics the study tree rules 2 inherit present the study not said here features of living things vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feature=Theme
Example 2 Mendel discovered rules of genetics by growing peas.
nsubj obj case nmod mark advcl obj punct root Mendel PROPN discovered VERB rules NOUN of ADP genetics NOUN by SCONJ growing VERB peas NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mendel Mendel PROPN Number=Sing 2 discovered nsubj 2 discovered discover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 rules rule NOUN Number=Plur 2 discovered obj 4 of of ADP _ 5 genetics case 5 genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 3 rules nmod 6 by by SCONJ _ 7 growing mark 7 growing grow VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 discovered advcl 8 peas pea NOUN Number=Plur 7 growing obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 discovered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 discover past Mendel rules of genetics vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Topic 2 grow gerund Mendel not said here peas vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location pea=Theme 3 rule genetics nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent
Example 3 My red hair comes from genetics; both my grandads had it.
nmod:poss amod nsubj case obl punct det:predet nmod:poss nsubj parataxis obj punct root My PRON red ADJ hair NOUN comes VERB from ADP genetics NOUN ; PUNCT both DET my PRON grandads NOUN had VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 hair nmod:poss 2 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 3 hair amod 3 hair hair NOUN Number=Sing 4 comes nsubj 4 comes come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 from from ADP _ 6 genetics case 6 genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 4 comes obl 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 11 had punct 8 both both DET PronType=Tot 10 grandads det:predet 9 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 grandads nmod:poss 10 grandads grandad NOUN Number=Plur 11 had nsubj 11 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 comes parataxis 12 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 had obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 comes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come present My red hair genetics vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from genetics=Initial_Location 2 have past my grandads hair vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient
Example 4 Genetics helps doctors understand some illnesses.
nsubj nsubj xcomp det obj punct root Genetics NOUN helps VERB doctors NOUN understand VERB some DET illnesses NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 2 helps nsubj 2 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 doctors doctor NOUN Number=Plur 4 understand nsubj 4 understand understand VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 helps xcomp 5 some some DET PronType=Ind 6 illnesses det 6 illnesses illness NOUN Number=Plur 4 understand obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 helps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Genetics vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 understand infinitive doctors some illnesses vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer illness=Stimulus
Example 5 Farmers use genetics to breed cows that give more milk.
nsubj obj mark advcl obj nsubj acl:relcl amod obj punct root Farmers NOUN use VERB genetics NOUN to PART breed VERB cows NOUN that PRON give VERB more ADJ milk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Farmers farmer NOUN Number=Plur 2 use nsubj 2 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 2 use obj 4 to to PART _ 5 breed mark 5 breed breed VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 use advcl 6 cows cow NOUN Number=Plur 5 breed obj 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 give nsubj 8 give give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 cows acl:relcl 9 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 10 milk amod 10 milk milk NOUN Number=Sing 8 give obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Farmers genetics vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent genetics=Patient 2 breed to-infinitive Farmers not said here cows tree rules 3 give present cows more milk vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent milk=Theme
Example 6 Scientists who study genetics are called geneticists.
nsubj:pass nsubj acl:relcl obj aux:pass xcomp punct root Scientists NOUN who PRON study VERB genetics NOUN are AUX called VERB geneticists NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 6 called nsubj:pass 2 who who PRON PronType=Rel 3 study nsubj 3 study study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Scientists acl:relcl 4 genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 3 study obj 5 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 called aux:pass 6 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 geneticists geneticist NOUN Number=Plur 6 called xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 6 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present Scientists genetics vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent genetics=Topic 2 call present · passive Scientists vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 7 Tall parents often have tall children because of genetics.
amod nsubj advmod amod obj case fixed obl punct root Tall ADJ parents NOUN often ADV have VERB tall ADJ children NOUN because ADP of ADP genetics NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 2 parents amod 2 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 4 have nsubj 3 often often ADV _ 4 have advmod 4 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 6 children amod 6 children child NOUN Number=Plur 4 have obj 7 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 9 genetics case 8 of of ADP _ 7 because fixed 9 genetics genetics NOUN Number=Plur 4 have obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Tall parents tall children because genetics; often property vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent child=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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