hard Who acts: Hard, test, He, Hard candies, hardest puzzle, ground · What happens: mean, work, push, be, have, cost · To what, where: difficult, someone, 10 easy 5 hard questions, 10 cents, 500 pieces, race
«hard» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: hard in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Hard means firm and not soft, like a rock or a nut.
nsubj xcomp cc advmod conj punct case det obl cc det conj punct root Hard ADJ means VERB firm ADJ and CCONJ not PART soft ADJ , PUNCT like ADP a DET rock NOUN or CCONJ a DET nut NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 firm firm ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 and and CCONJ _ 6 soft cc 5 not not PART Polarity=Neg 6 soft advmod 6 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 firm conj 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 rock punct 8 like like ADP _ 10 rock case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 rock det 10 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 3 firm obl 11 or or CCONJ _ 13 nut cc 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 nut det 13 nut nut NOUN Number=Sing 10 rock conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Hard firm property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Hard means difficult, not easy: a hard question.
nsubj obj punct advmod ccomp punct det amod conj punct root Hard ADJ means VERB difficult ADJ , PUNCT not PART easy ADJ : PUNCT a DET hard ADJ question NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 difficult difficult ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 easy punct 5 not not PART Polarity=Neg 6 easy advmod 6 easy easy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means ccomp 7 : : PUNCT _ 10 question punct 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 question det 9 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 10 question amod 10 question question NOUN Number=Sing 6 easy conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Hard difficult vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difficult=Topic
Meaning 3 Hard as an adverb means with a lot of effort or force: work hard, push hard.
The tree, 16 words nsubj case det obl case det obl case nmod cc conj punct parataxis advmod punct conj advmod punct root Hard ADJ as ADP an DET adverb NOUN means VERB with ADP a DET lot NOUN of ADP effort NOUN or CCONJ force NOUN : PUNCT work VERB hard ADV , PUNCT push VERB hard ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 5 means nsubj 2 as as ADP _ 4 adverb case 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 adverb det 4 adverb adverb NOUN Number=Sing 1 Hard obl 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 with with ADP _ 8 lot case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 lot det 8 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 5 means obl 9 of of ADP _ 10 effort case 10 effort effort NOUN Number=Sing 8 lot nmod 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 force cc 12 force force NOUN Number=Sing 10 effort conj 13 : : PUNCT _ 14 work punct 14 work work VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 5 means parataxis 15 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 14 work advmod 16 , , PUNCT _ 17 push punct 17 push push VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 14 work conj 18 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 17 push advmod 19 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Hard with a lot of effort or force vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 work infinitive hard property vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 push infinitive hard property vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 Hard can also mean strict or unkind: be hard on someone.
advmod aux advmod xcomp cc conj punct cop conj case obl punct root Hard ADV can AUX also ADV mean VERB strict ADJ or CCONJ unkind ADJ : PUNCT be AUX hard ADJ on ADP someone PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 4 mean advmod 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 mean aux 3 also also ADV _ 4 mean advmod 4 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 strict strict ADJ Degree=Pos 4 mean xcomp 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 unkind cc 7 unkind unkind ADJ Degree=Pos 5 strict conj 8 : : PUNCT _ 10 hard punct 9 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 10 hard cop 10 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 4 mean conj 11 on on ADP _ 12 someone case 12 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 10 hard obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can hard, strict property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 is infinitive someone hard property tree rules
Example 1 The test had 10 easy and 5 hard questions.
det nsubj nummod amod cc nummod amod obj punct root The DET test NOUN had VERB 10 NUM easy ADJ and CCONJ 5 NUM hard ADJ questions NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 test det 2 test test NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 10 10 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 questions nummod 5 easy easy ADJ Degree=Pos 9 questions amod 6 and and CCONJ _ 9 questions cc 7 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 questions nummod 8 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 9 questions amod 9 questions question NOUN Number=Plur 3 had obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the test 10 easy 5 hard questions vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent question=Patient
Example 2 He worked hard for 3 hours.
nsubj advmod case nummod obl punct root He PRON worked VERB hard ADV for ADP 3 NUM hours NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 worked nsubj 2 worked work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 2 worked advmod 4 for for ADP _ 6 hours case 5 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 hours nummod 6 hours hour NOUN Number=Plur 2 worked obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 worked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 work past He hour hard property vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 Hard candies cost 10 cents each.
amod nsubj nummod obj nmod punct root Hard ADJ candies NOUN cost VERB 10 NUM cents NOUN each DET . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 candies amod 2 candies candy NOUN Number=Plur 3 cost nsubj 3 cost cost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 10 10 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 cents nummod 5 cents cent NOUN Number=Plur 3 cost obj 6 each each DET PronType=Tot 5 cents nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 cost punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cost present Hard candies 10 cents each vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme cent=Value
Example 4 The hardest puzzle has 500 pieces.
det amod nsubj nummod obj punct root The DET hardest ADJ puzzle NOUN has VERB 500 NUM pieces NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 puzzle det 2 hardest hard ADJ Degree=Sup 3 puzzle amod 3 puzzle puzzle NOUN Number=Sing 4 has nsubj 4 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 500 500 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 pieces nummod 6 pieces piece NOUN Number=Plur 4 has obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the hardest puzzle 500 pieces vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient
Example 5 The ground was hard after the frost.
det nsubj cop advmod case det punct root The DET ground NOUN was AUX hard ADV after ADP the DET frost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 ground det 2 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 7 frost nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 frost cop 4 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 7 frost advmod 5 after after ADP _ 7 frost case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 frost det 7 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 frost punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the ground after the frost hard property tree rules
Example 6 It is hard to wake up early in winter.
expl cop mark csubj compound:prt advmod case obl punct root It PRON is AUX hard ADJ to PART wake VERB up ADP early ADV in ADP winter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 hard expl 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 hard cop 3 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to PART _ 5 wake mark 5 wake wake VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 hard csubj 6 up up ADP _ 5 wake compound:prt 7 early early ADV Degree=Pos 5 wake advmod 8 in in ADP _ 9 winter case 9 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 5 wake obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present hard property tree rules 2 wake up to-infinitive winter early property vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 7 She tried hard and finished the race.
nsubj advmod cc conj det obj punct root She PRON tried VERB hard ADV and CCONJ finished VERB the DET race NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 tried nsubj 2 tried try VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 2 tried advmod 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 finished cc 5 finished finish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 tried conj 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 race det 7 race race NOUN Number=Sing 5 finished obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 tried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 try past She hard property vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 finish past She not said here the race vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality race=Eventuality
Example 8 Diamond is very hard and can cut glass.
nsubj cop advmod cc aux conj obj punct root Diamond NOUN is AUX very ADV hard ADJ and CCONJ can AUX cut VERB glass NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Diamond diamond NOUN Number=Sing 4 hard nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 hard cop 3 very very ADV _ 4 hard advmod 4 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 7 cut cc 6 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 cut aux 7 cut cut VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 hard conj 8 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 7 cut obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Diamond hard property tree rules 2 cut can Diamond not said here glass vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset glass=Product
Example 9 It rained hard all night.
nsubj advmod det obl:unmarked punct root It PRON rained VERB hard ADV all DET night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 rained nsubj 2 rained rain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 2 rained advmod 4 all all DET PronType=Tot 5 night det 5 night night NOUN Number=Sing 2 rained obl:unmarked 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 rained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rain past It night hard property vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme»
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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