hardness Who acts: Hardness, We, Diamond, wood, Talc, Hard water · What happens: be, resist, scratch, dent, press, mean · To what, where: many minerals, Hardness, rocks, greatest hardness, wood, nail
«hardness» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: hardness in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Hardness is how hard something is: how well it resists being scratched, dented or pressed.
The tree, 15 words nsubj cop advmod nsubj cop punct advmod advmod nsubj conj aux:pass xcomp punct advcl cc conj punct root Hardness NOUN is AUX how ADV hard ADJ something PRON is AUX : PUNCT how ADV well ADV it PRON resists VERB being AUX scratched VERB , PUNCT dented VERB or CCONJ pressed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 4 hard nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 hard cop 3 how how ADV PronType=Int 4 hard advmod 4 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 is nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 hard cop 7 : : PUNCT _ 11 resists punct 8 how how ADV PronType=Int 9 well advmod 9 well well ADV Degree=Pos 11 resists advmod 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 resists nsubj 11 resists resist VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 hard conj 12 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 13 scratched aux:pass 13 scratched scratch VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 11 resists xcomp 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 dented punct 15 dented dent VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 11 resists advcl 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 pressed cc 17 pressed press VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 15 dented conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 4 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Hardness hard property tree rules 2 resist present Hardness well property tree rules 3 scratch gerund · passive Hardness not said here vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V» 4 dent participle Hardness not said here vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient 5 press participle Hardness not said here vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Hardness of water means how many minerals, like calcium, are dissolved in it.
The tree, 13 words nsubj case nmod advmod amod obj punct case appos punct aux:pass parataxis case obl punct root Hardness NOUN of ADP water NOUN means VERB how ADV many ADJ minerals NOUN , PUNCT like ADP calcium NOUN , PUNCT are AUX dissolved VERB in ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 4 means nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 water case 3 water water NOUN Number=Sing 1 Hardness nmod 4 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 many advmod 6 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 7 minerals amod 7 minerals mineral NOUN Number=Plur 4 means obj 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 calcium punct 9 like like ADP _ 10 calcium case 10 calcium calcium NOUN Number=Sing 7 minerals appos 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 dissolved punct 12 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 dissolved aux:pass 13 dissolved dissolve VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 means parataxis 14 in in ADP _ 15 it case 15 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 dissolved obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 4 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Hardness of water many minerals vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mineral=Topic 2 dissolve present · passive Hardness vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»
Meaning 3 Hardness can mean being harsh or unkind (hardness of heart).
nsubj aux cop obj cc conj punct appos case nmod punct punct root Hardness NOUN can AUX mean VERB being AUX harsh ADJ or CCONJ unkind ADJ ( PUNCT hardness NOUN of ADP heart NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 3 mean nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 mean aux 3 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 harsh cop 5 harsh harsh ADJ Degree=Pos 3 mean obj 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 unkind cc 7 unkind unkind ADJ Degree=Pos 5 harsh conj 8 ( ( PUNCT _ 9 hardness punct 9 hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 5 harsh appos 10 of of ADP _ 11 heart case 11 heart heart NOUN Number=Sing 9 hardness nmod 12 ) ) PUNCT _ 9 hardness punct 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can Hardness vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 is gerund harsh property tree rules 3 be tree rules
Example 1 We tested the hardness of different rocks by scratching them.
nsubj det obj case amod nmod mark advcl obj punct root We PRON tested VERB the DET hardness NOUN of ADP different ADJ rocks NOUN by SCONJ scratching VERB them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 tested nsubj 2 tested test VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 hardness det 4 hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 2 tested obj 5 of of ADP _ 7 rocks case 6 different different ADJ Degree=Pos 7 rocks amod 7 rocks rock NOUN Number=Plur 4 hardness nmod 8 by by SCONJ _ 9 scratching mark 9 scratching scratch VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 tested advcl 10 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 scratching obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 tested punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 test past We the hardness of different rocks vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hardness=Theme 2 scratch gerund We not said here rocks = rock vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
Example 2 Diamond has the greatest hardness of any natural material.
nsubj det amod obj case det amod nmod punct root Diamond NOUN has VERB the DET greatest ADJ hardness NOUN of ADP any DET natural ADJ material NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Diamond diamond NOUN Number=Sing 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 hardness det 4 greatest great ADJ Degree=Sup 5 hardness amod 5 hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 2 has obj 6 of of ADP _ 9 material case 7 any any DET PronType=Ind 9 material det 8 natural natural ADJ Degree=Pos 9 material amod 9 material material NOUN Number=Sing 5 hardness nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Diamond the greatest hardness of any natural material vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hardness=Patient
Example 3 The hardness of the wood made it difficult to hammer a nail in.
det nsubj case det nmod obj xcomp mark xcomp det obj compound:prt punct root The DET hardness NOUN of ADP the DET wood NOUN made VERB it PRON difficult ADJ to PART hammer VERB a DET nail NOUN in ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 hardness det 2 hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 6 made nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 wood case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 wood det 5 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 2 hardness nmod 6 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 made obj 8 difficult difficult ADJ Degree=Pos 6 made xcomp 9 to to PART _ 10 hammer mark 10 hammer hammer VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 difficult xcomp 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 nail det 12 nail nail NOUN Number=Sing 10 hammer obj 13 in in ADP _ 10 hammer compound:prt 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the hardness of the wood wood difficult property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product 2 hammer in to-infinitive wood not said here a nail vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nail=Patient
Example 4 Talc is at the bottom of the hardness scale.
nsubj cop case det case det compound nmod punct root Talc NOUN is AUX at ADP the DET bottom NOUN of ADP the DET hardness NOUN scale NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Talc talc NOUN Number=Sing 5 bottom nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 bottom cop 3 at at ADP _ 5 bottom case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 bottom det 5 bottom bottom NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 9 scale case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 scale det 8 hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 9 scale compound 9 scale scale NOUN Number=Sing 5 bottom nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 bottom punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Talc the bottom of the hardness scale tree rules
Example 5 Hard water leaves white marks in the kettle.
amod nsubj amod obj case det obl punct root Hard ADJ water NOUN leaves VERB white ADJ marks NOUN in ADP the DET kettle NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 water amod 2 water water NOUN Number=Sing 3 leaves nsubj 3 leaves leave VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 5 marks amod 5 marks mark NOUN Number=Plur 3 leaves obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 kettle case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 kettle det 8 kettle kettle NOUN Number=Sing 3 leaves obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 leaves punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave present Hard water white marks the kettle vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent mark=Theme in kettle=Location
Example 6 The hardness in his voice surprised her.
det nsubj case nmod:poss nmod obj punct root The DET hardness NOUN in ADP his PRON voice NOUN surprised VERB her PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 hardness det 2 hardness hardness NOUN Number=Sing 6 surprised nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 5 voice case 4 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 voice nmod:poss 5 voice voice NOUN Number=Sing 2 hardness nmod 6 surprised surprise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 surprised obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 6 surprised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 surprise past the hardness in hardness's voice her = she vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus she=Experiencer
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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