heard Who acts: you, It, Heard, something, I, We · What happens: hear, mean, notice, tell, know, exist · To what, where: sound, you, bang, school, dog, thunder · Speech: someone speaks here
«heard» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: heard in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Heard means you noticed a sound with your ears in the past.
nsubj nsubj ccomp det obj case nmod:poss nmod case det nmod punct root Heard VERB means VERB you PRON noticed VERB a DET sound NOUN with ADP your PRON ears NOUN in ADP the DET past NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 noticed nsubj 4 noticed notice VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 means ccomp 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 sound det 6 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 4 noticed obj 7 with with ADP _ 9 ears case 8 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 ears nmod:poss 9 ears ear NOUN Number=Plur 6 sound nmod 10 in in ADP _ 12 past case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 past det 12 past past NOUN Number=Sing 9 ears nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear participle vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 notice past you a sound with your ears in the past vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer sound=Stimulus
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
I heard a bang.
nsubj det obj punct root I PRON heard VERB a DET bang NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 heard nsubj 2 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 bang det 4 bang bang NOUN Number=Sing 2 heard obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past I a bang vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer bang=Stimulus
Meaning 2 It also means you were told news or information.
nsubj advmod nsubj:pass aux:pass ccomp obj cc conj punct root It PRON also ADV means VERB you PRON were AUX told VERB news NOUN or CCONJ information NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 means nsubj 2 also also ADV _ 3 means advmod 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 6 told nsubj:pass 5 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 told aux:pass 6 told tell VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 means ccomp 7 news news NOUN Number=Sing 6 told obj 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 information cc 9 information information NOUN Number=Sing 7 news conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present It vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 tell speech: assert past · passive you vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient news=Topic
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
I heard that school is closed.
nsubj mark nsubj:pass aux:pass ccomp punct root I PRON heard VERB that SCONJ school NOUN is AUX closed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 heard nsubj 2 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 that that SCONJ _ 6 closed mark 4 school school NOUN Number=Sing 6 closed nsubj:pass 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 closed aux:pass 6 closed close VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 heard ccomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past I vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 2 close present · passive school vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Meaning 3 Heard of means you know that something exists.
nsubj case nsubj ccomp mark nsubj ccomp punct root Heard PROPN of ADP means VERB you PRON know VERB that SCONJ something PRON exists VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Heard Heard PROPN Number=Sing 3 means nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 means case 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 know nsubj 5 know know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 means ccomp 6 that that SCONJ _ 8 exists mark 7 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 exists nsubj 8 exists exist VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 know ccomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Heard vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 know present you vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 3 exist present something vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
Have you heard of this game?
aux nsubj case det obl punct root Have AUX you PRON heard VERB of ADP this DET game NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 heard aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 heard nsubj 3 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 of of ADP _ 6 game case 5 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 6 game det 6 game game NOUN Number=Sing 3 heard obl 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear present · perfect you of this game vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer of game=Stimulus
Example 1 I heard a dog barking outside.
nsubj det obj advcl advmod punct root I PRON heard VERB a DET dog NOUN barking VERB outside ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 heard nsubj 2 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 dog det 4 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 2 heard obj 5 barking bark VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 heard advcl 6 outside outside ADV _ 5 barking advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past I a dog vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer dog=Stimulus 2 bark gerund I not said here outside property vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 2 Did you hear thunder? Yes, I heard it.
Sentence 1: Did you hear thunder?
aux nsubj obj punct root Did AUX you PRON hear VERB thunder NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 hear aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 hear nsubj 3 hear hear VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 thunder thunder NOUN Number=Sing 3 hear obj 5 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 hear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past · do-support you thunder vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer thunder=Stimulus
Sentence 2: Yes, I heard it.
discourse punct nsubj obj punct root Yes INTJ , PUNCT I PRON heard VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Yes yes INTJ Polarity=Pos 4 heard discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 4 heard punct 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 heard nsubj 4 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 heard obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past I thunder vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus
Example 3 We heard the news on the radio.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root We PRON heard VERB the DET news NOUN on ADP the DET radio NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 heard nsubj 2 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 news det 4 news news NOUN Number=Sing 2 heard obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 radio case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 radio det 7 radio radio NOUN Number=Sing 2 heard obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past We the news the radio vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer news=Stimulus
Example 4 Have you heard of the Loch Ness monster?
aux nsubj case det compound compound obl punct root Have AUX you PRON heard VERB of ADP the DET Loch PROPN Ness NOUN monster NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 heard aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 heard nsubj 3 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 of of ADP _ 8 monster case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 monster det 6 Loch Loch PROPN Number=Sing 8 monster compound 7 Ness ness NOUN Number=Sing 8 monster compound 8 monster monster NOUN Number=Sing 3 heard obl 9 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear present · perfect you of the Loch Ness monster vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer of monster=Stimulus
Example 5 She heard footsteps on the stairs.
nsubj obj case det obl punct root She PRON heard VERB footsteps NOUN on ADP the DET stairs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 heard nsubj 2 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 footsteps footstep NOUN Number=Plur 2 heard obj 4 on on ADP _ 6 stairs case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 stairs det 6 stairs stair NOUN Number=Plur 2 heard obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past She footsteps the stairs vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer footstep=Stimulus
Example 6 I have not heard from my pen pal yet.
nsubj aux advmod case nmod:poss compound obl advmod punct root I PRON have AUX not PART heard VERB from ADP my PRON pen NOUN pal NOUN yet ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 heard nsubj 2 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 heard aux 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 heard advmod 4 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 from from ADP _ 8 pal case 6 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 pal nmod:poss 7 pen pen NOUN Number=Sing 8 pal compound 8 pal pal NOUN Number=Sing 4 heard obl 9 yet yet ADV _ 4 heard advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not hear present · perfect I my pen pal yet vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from pal=Source
Example 7 The teacher heard us whispering.
det nsubj obj xcomp punct root The DET teacher NOUN heard VERB us PRON whispering VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 teacher det 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 heard nsubj 3 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 heard obj 5 whispering whisper VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 heard xcomp 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past the teacher us tree rules 2 whisper speech: assert gerund us not said here vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 Sound travels through the air to be heard.
nsubj case det obl mark aux:pass advcl punct root Sound NOUN travels VERB through ADP the DET air NOUN to PART be AUX heard VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 2 travels nsubj 2 travels travel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through ADP _ 5 air case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 air det 5 air air NOUN Number=Sing 2 travels obl 6 to to PART _ 8 heard mark 7 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 8 heard aux:pass 8 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 travels advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 travels punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 travel present Sound the air vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through air=Trajectory 2 hear to-infinitive · passive Sound not said here vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»
Example 9 Presently he heard steps coming upstairs.
advmod nsubj obj acl advmod punct root Presently ADV he PRON heard VERB steps NOUN coming VERB upstairs ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Presently presently ADV _ 3 heard advmod 2 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 heard nsubj 3 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 steps step NOUN Number=Plur 3 heard obj 5 coming come VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 steps acl 6 upstairs upstairs ADV _ 5 coming advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past he steps presently property vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer step=Stimulus 2 come gerund steps not said here upstairs property vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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