indirect

Who acts: Indirect speech, someone, indirect object, object, their, We · What happens: not go, not say, happen, report, say, receive · To what, where: indirect route, thing, book, me, park, indirect answer · Speech: someone speaks here

«indirect» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: indirect in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Not going straight: an indirect route.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	2 going	advmod
2	going	go	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
3	straight	straight	ADV	_	2 going	advmod
4	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 going	punct
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 route	det
6	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 route	amod
7	route	route	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 going	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 going	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not go	gerund		a indirect route				straight property	vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Not said openly or plainly: an indirect answer.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	2 said	advmod
2	said	say	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
3	openly	openly	ADV	_	2 said	advmod
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 plainly	cc
5	plainly	plainly	ADV	_	3 openly	conj
6	:	:	PUNCT	_	9 answer	punct
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 answer	det
8	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 answer	amod
9	answer	answer	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 said	conj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not say speech: assert	participle						openly property	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

Meaning 3

Happening as a side result rather than directly: an indirect cause.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Happening	happen	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	12 cause	csubj
2	as	as	ADP	_	5 result	case
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 result	det
4	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 result	compound
5	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Happening	obl
6	rather	rather	ADV	ExtPos=CCONJ	8 directly	cc
7	than	than	ADP	_	6 rather	fixed
8	directly	directly	ADV	_	5 result	conj
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	12 cause	punct
10	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 cause	det
11	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 cause	amod
12	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	12 cause	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	happen	gerund						as a side result	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Meaning 4

Usage: grammar — kept apart, not parsed.

Indirect speech reports what someone said without their exact words; an indirect object receives the thing given (She gave me a book: me).

The tree, 23 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 speech	amod
2	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reports	nsubj
3	reports	report	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	6 said	obj
5	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	6 said	nsubj
6	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 reports	ccomp
7	without	without	ADP	_	10 words	case
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 words	nmod:poss
9	exact	exact	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 words	amod
10	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 said	obl
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	15 receives	punct
12	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 object	det
13	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 object	amod
14	object	object	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 receives	nsubj
15	receives	receive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 reports	parataxis
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 thing	det
17	thing	thing	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 receives	obj
18	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 thing	acl
19	(	(	PUNCT	_	21 gave	punct
20	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 gave	nsubj
21	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 receives	conj
22	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	21 gave	iobj
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	24 book	det
24	book	book	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 gave	obj
25	:	:	PUNCT	_	26 me	punct
26	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	15 receives	parataxis
27	)	)	PUNCT	_	15 receives	punct
28	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 reports	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	other	roles by
1	report	present	Indirect speech				vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V whether/if S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	say speech: assert	past	someone			without their exact words	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic
3	receive	present	a indirect object	the thing			vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme
4	give	participle		the thing not said here			vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
5	give	past	object	a book	me		vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient book=Theme
6	word		their = they				nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Example 1

We took an indirect route through the park.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 took	nsubj
2	took	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 route	det
4	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 route	amod
5	route	route	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 took	obj
6	through	through	ADP	_	8 park	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 park	det
8	park	park	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 took	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 took	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	past	We	a indirect route		the park			vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent route=Theme

Example 2

He gave an indirect answer and didn't say yes or no.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 gave	nsubj
2	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 answer	det
4	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 answer	amod
5	answer	answer	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 gave	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 say	cc
7	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 say	aux
8	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 say	advmod
9	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 gave	conj
10	yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	9 say	obj
11	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 no.	cc
12	no.	no.	NOUN	Abbr=Yes Number=Sing	10 yes	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	past	He	a indirect answer					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme
2	not say speech: assert	past · do-support	He not said here						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent yes=Topic

Example 3

Direct speech: Tom said, I am hungry. Indirect speech: Tom said he was hungry.

Sentence 1: Direct speech: Tom said, I am hungry.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Direct	direct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 speech	amod
2	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 said	nsubj
3	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 speech	punct
4	Tom	Tom	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 said	nsubj
5	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 hungry	punct
7	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	9 hungry	nsubj
8	am	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 hungry	cop
9	hungry	hungry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 said	ccomp
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	past	Direct speech						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is	present	I					hungry property	tree rules

Sentence 2: Indirect speech: Tom said he was hungry.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 speech	amod
2	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 said	nsubj
3	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 speech	punct
4	Tom	Tom	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 said	nsubj
5	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 hungry	nsubj
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 hungry	cop
8	hungry	hungry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 said	ccomp
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	past	Indirect speech						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is	past	Tom					hungry property	tree rules

Example 4

In She gave me a pen, me is the indirect object.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	SCONJ	_	3 gave	mark
2	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 gave	nsubj
3	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 gave	iobj
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 pen	det
6	pen	pen	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 gave	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 object	punct
8	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	12 object	nsubj
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 object	cop
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 object	det
11	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 object	amod
12	object	object	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 gave	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 gave	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	past	She	a pen	me				vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient pen=Theme
2	is a	present	me	the indirect object					tree rules

Example 5

Some plants like indirect sunlight.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 plants	det
2	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 like	nsubj
3	like	like	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 sunlight	amod
5	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 like	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 like	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	like	present	some plants	indirect sunlight					vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot sunlight=Theme

Example 6

Smoking is an indirect cause of many illnesses.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Smoking	smoking	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 cause	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 cause	cop
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cause	det
4	indirect	indirect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cause	amod
5	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 illnesses	case
7	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 illnesses	amod
8	illnesses	illness	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cause	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 cause	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Smoking	a indirect cause				of many illnesses	tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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