ladybird Who acts: ladybird, that, Ladybirds, Ladybird larvae, red colour, We · What happens: be, eat, land, have, look, call · To what, where: small round beetle, tiny insects, ladybird, hand, greenfly, seven black spots · Speech: someone speaks here
«ladybird» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ladybird in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A ladybird is a small round beetle, usually red or orange with black spots, that eats tiny insects like greenfly.
The tree, 20 words det nsubj cop det amod amod punct advmod conj cc conj case amod obl punct nsubj conj amod obj case obl punct root A DET ladybird NOUN is AUX a DET small ADJ round ADJ beetle NOUN , PUNCT usually ADV red ADJ or CCONJ orange ADJ with ADP black ADJ spots NOUN , PUNCT that PRON eats VERB tiny ADJ insects NOUN like ADP greenfly NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 ladybird det 2 ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing 7 beetle nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 beetle cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 beetle det 5 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 7 beetle amod 6 round round ADJ Degree=Pos 7 beetle amod 7 beetle beetle NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 red punct 9 usually usually ADV _ 10 red advmod 10 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 7 beetle conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 orange cc 12 orange orange ADJ Degree=Pos 10 red conj 13 with with ADP _ 15 spots case 14 black black ADJ Degree=Pos 15 spots amod 15 spots spot NOUN Number=Plur 10 red obl 16 , , PUNCT _ 18 eats punct 17 that that PRON PronType=Rel 18 eats nsubj 18 eats eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 beetle conj 19 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 20 insects amod 20 insects insect NOUN Number=Plur 18 eats obj 21 like like ADP _ 22 greenfly case 22 greenfly greenfly NOUN Number=Sing 18 eats obl 23 . . PUNCT _ 7 beetle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a ladybird a small round beetle tree rules 2 be a ladybird not said here with black spots; usually property tree rules 3 eat present that tiny insects like greenfly vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent insect=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 A ladybird landed on my hand.
det acl case nmod:poss obl punct root A DET ladybird NOUN landed VERB on ADP my PRON hand NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 ladybird det 2 ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 landed land VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 ladybird acl 4 on on ADP _ 6 hand case 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 hand nmod:poss 6 hand hand NOUN Number=Sing 3 landed obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 ladybird punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 land participle a ladybird not said here my hand vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme on hand=Destination
Example 2 Ladybirds eat greenfly, so gardeners like them.
nsubj obj punct advmod obl case nmod punct root Ladybirds NOUN eat VERB greenfly NOUN , PUNCT so ADV gardeners NOUN like ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ladybirds ladybird NOUN Number=Plur 2 eat nsubj 2 eat eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 greenfly greenfly NOUN Number=Sing 2 eat obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 gardeners punct 5 so so ADV _ 6 gardeners advmod 6 gardeners gardener NOUN Number=Plur 2 eat obl 7 like like ADP _ 8 them case 8 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 gardeners nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat present Ladybirds greenfly gardeners like gardeners obl vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent greenfly=Patient
Example 3 This ladybird has seven black spots.
det nsubj nummod amod obj punct root This DET ladybird NOUN has VERB seven NUM black ADJ spots NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 This this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 ladybird det 2 ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 seven seven NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 spots nummod 5 black black ADJ Degree=Pos 6 spots amod 6 spots spot NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present this ladybird seven black spots vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spot=Patient
Example 4 Ladybird larvae look like tiny spiky crocodiles.
compound nsubj case amod amod obl punct root Ladybird NOUN larvae NOUN look VERB like ADP tiny ADJ spiky ADJ crocodiles NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing 2 larvae compound 2 larvae larva NOUN Number=Plur 3 look nsubj 3 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 like like ADP _ 7 crocodiles case 5 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 7 crocodiles amod 6 spiky spiky ADJ Degree=Pos 7 crocodiles amod 7 crocodiles crocodile NOUN Number=Plur 3 look obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present Ladybird larvae like tiny spiky crocodiles vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
Example 5 In the US, a ladybird is called a ladybug.
case det obl punct det nsubj:pass aux:pass det xcomp punct root In ADP the DET US PROPN , PUNCT a DET ladybird NOUN is AUX called VERB a DET ladybug NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 US case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 US det 3 US US PROPN Number=Sing 8 called obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 US punct 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 ladybird det 6 ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing 8 called nsubj:pass 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 called aux:pass 8 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 ladybug det 10 ladybug ladybug NOUN Number=Sing 8 called xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 8 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive a ladybird in the US vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 6 The ladybird's red colour warns birds to stay away.
det nmod:poss case amod nsubj obj mark xcomp advmod punct root The DET ladybird NOUN 's PART red ADJ colour NOUN warns VERB birds NOUN to PART stay VERB away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 ladybird det 2 ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing 5 colour nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 ladybird case 4 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 5 colour amod 5 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 6 warns nsubj 6 warns warn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 6 warns obj 8 to to PART _ 9 stay mark 9 stay stay VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 warns xcomp 10 away away ADV _ 9 stay advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 warns punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 warn speech: warn present the ladybird's red colour birds vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP how S_INF»: agent=Agent bird=Recipient clause=Topic 2 stay away to-infinitive the ladybird's red colour not said here away property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 Ladybirds sleep through winter in groups.
nsubj case obl case obl punct root Ladybirds NOUN sleep VERB through ADP winter NOUN in ADP groups NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ladybirds ladybird NOUN Number=Plur 2 sleep nsubj 2 sleep sleep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through ADP _ 4 winter case 4 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 2 sleep obl 5 in in ADP _ 6 groups case 6 groups group NOUN Number=Plur 2 sleep obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 sleep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sleep present Ladybirds groups winter vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in group=Location
Example 8 We watched a ladybird climb up a leaf.
nsubj det obj xcomp compound:prt det obj punct root We PRON watched VERB a DET ladybird NOUN climb VERB up ADP a DET leaf NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 watched nsubj 2 watched watch VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 ladybird det 4 ladybird ladybird NOUN Number=Sing 2 watched obj 5 climb climb VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 watched xcomp 6 up up ADP _ 5 climb compound:prt 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 leaf det 8 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 5 climb obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 watched punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 watch past We a ladybird tree rules 2 climb up infinitive a ladybird not said here a leaf vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location leaf=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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