leaf Who acts: leaf, flat green parts, extra flat piece, plant, 5 leaves, clover · What happens: be, grow, read, page, make, have · To what, where: one, plant, one sheet, book, extra flat piece, leaf · Speech: someone speaks here
«leaf» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: leaf in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A leaf is one of the flat, usually green parts that grow on a plant or tree.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj cop case det amod punct advmod amod nmod nsubj acl:relcl case det obl cc conj punct root A DET leaf NOUN is AUX one NUM of ADP the DET flat ADJ , PUNCT usually ADV green ADJ parts NOUN that PRON grow VERB on ADP a DET plant NOUN or CCONJ tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 leaf det 2 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 4 one nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 one cop 4 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card root root 5 of of ADP _ 11 parts case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 parts det 7 flat flat ADJ Degree=Pos 11 parts amod 8 , , PUNCT _ 7 flat punct 9 usually usually ADV _ 10 green advmod 10 green green ADJ Degree=Pos 11 parts amod 11 parts part NOUN Number=Plur 4 one nmod 12 that that PRON PronType=Rel 13 grow nsubj 13 grow grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 parts acl:relcl 14 on on ADP _ 16 plant case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 plant det 16 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing 13 grow obl 17 or or CCONJ _ 18 tree cc 18 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 16 plant conj 19 . . PUNCT _ 4 one punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a leaf one of the flat green parts tree rules 2 grow present the flat green parts a plant or tree vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on plant=Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A leaf is also one sheet of paper in a book, with a page on each side.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj cop advmod nummod case nmod case det nmod punct case det conj case det nmod punct root A DET leaf NOUN is AUX also ADV one NUM sheet NOUN of ADP paper NOUN in ADP a DET book NOUN , PUNCT with ADP a DET page NOUN on ADP each DET side NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 leaf det 2 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 6 sheet nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 sheet cop 4 also also ADV _ 6 sheet advmod 5 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 sheet nummod 6 sheet sheet NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 8 paper case 8 paper paper NOUN Number=Sing 6 sheet nmod 9 in in ADP _ 11 book case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 book det 11 book book NOUN Number=Sing 6 sheet nmod 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 page punct 13 with with ADP _ 15 page case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 page det 15 page page NOUN Number=Sing 6 sheet conj 16 on on ADP _ 18 side case 17 each each DET PronType=Tot 18 side det 18 side side NOUN Number=Sing 15 page nmod 19 . . PUNCT _ 6 sheet punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a leaf one sheet and a page on each side a book of paper tree rules
Meaning 3 To leaf through a book is to turn its pages quickly without reading closely.
The tree, 14 words mark nsubj case det nmod cop mark nmod:poss obj advmod mark advcl advmod punct root To PART leaf NOUN through ADP a DET book NOUN is AUX to PART turn VERB its PRON pages NOUN quickly ADV without SCONJ reading VERB closely ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 leaf mark 2 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 8 turn nsubj 3 through through ADP _ 5 book case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 book det 5 book book NOUN Number=Sing 2 leaf nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 turn cop 7 to to PART _ 8 turn mark 8 turn turn VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 9 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 pages nmod:poss 10 pages page NOUN Number=Plur 8 turn obj 11 quickly quickly ADV _ 8 turn advmod 12 without without SCONJ _ 13 reading mark 13 reading read VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 turn advcl 14 closely closely ADV _ 13 reading advmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 8 turn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present leaf through a book quickly, turn property tree rules 2 read gerund leaf through a book not said here closely property vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 page leaf nom page «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Meaning 4 A leaf of a table is an extra flat piece that makes it bigger.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj case det nmod cop det amod amod nsubj acl:relcl obj xcomp punct root A DET leaf NOUN of ADP a DET table NOUN is AUX an DET extra ADJ flat ADJ piece NOUN that PRON makes VERB it PRON bigger ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 leaf det 2 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 10 piece nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 table case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 table det 5 table table NOUN Number=Sing 2 leaf nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 piece cop 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 piece det 8 extra extra ADJ Degree=Pos 10 piece amod 9 flat flat ADJ Degree=Pos 10 piece amod 10 piece piece NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 makes nsubj 12 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 piece acl:relcl 13 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 makes obj 14 bigger big ADJ Degree=Cmp 12 makes xcomp 15 . . PUNCT _ 10 piece punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a leaf of a table a extra flat piece tree rules 2 make present a extra flat piece leaf big property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product
Example 1 The plant has 12 leaves.
det nsubj nummod obj punct root The DET plant NOUN has VERB 12 NUM leaves NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 plant det 2 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 leaves nummod 5 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the plant 12 leaves vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Patient
Example 2 5 leaves fell off.
nummod nsubj compound:prt punct root 5 NUM leaves NOUN fell VERB off ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 2 leaves nummod 2 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 3 fell nsubj 3 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 off off ADP _ 3 fell compound:prt 5 . . PUNCT _ 3 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall off past 5 leaves vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Example 3 Each clover has 3 leaves.
det nsubj nummod obj punct root Each DET clover NOUN has VERB 3 NUM leaves NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Each each DET PronType=Tot 2 clover det 2 clover clover NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 leaves nummod 5 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present each clover 3 leaves vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Patient
Example 4 How many leaves are on 4 clovers?
advmod amod nsubj cop case nummod punct root How ADV many ADJ leaves NOUN are AUX on ADP 4 NUM clovers NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 many advmod 2 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 3 leaves amod 3 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 7 clovers nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 clovers cop 5 on on ADP _ 7 clovers case 6 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 clovers nummod 7 clovers clover NOUN Number=Plur root root 8 ? ? PUNCT _ 7 clovers punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present many leaves 4 clovers tree rules
Example 5 In autumn the maple leaves turn red and orange.
case obl det compound nsubj xcomp cc conj punct root In ADP autumn NOUN the DET maple NOUN leaves NOUN turn VERB red ADJ and CCONJ orange ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 autumn case 2 autumn autumn NOUN Number=Sing 6 turn obl 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 leaves det 4 maple maple NOUN Number=Sing 5 leaves compound 5 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 6 turn nsubj 6 turn turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 6 turn xcomp 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 orange cc 9 orange orange ADJ Degree=Pos 7 red conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 turn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 turn present the maple leaves autumn red property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 Leaves use sunlight to make food for the plant.
nsubj obj mark advcl obj case det obl punct root Leaves NOUN use VERB sunlight NOUN to PART make VERB food NOUN for ADP the DET plant NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 2 use nsubj 2 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sunlight sunlight NOUN Number=Sing 2 use obj 4 to to PART _ 5 make mark 5 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 use advcl 6 food food NOUN Number=Sing 5 make obj 7 for for ADP _ 9 plant case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 plant det 9 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing 5 make obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Leaves sunlight vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sunlight=Patient 2 make to-infinitive Leaves not said here food for the plant vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent food=Material for plant=Beneficiary
Example 7 We raked the leaves into a big pile and jumped in it.
nsubj det obj case det amod obl cc conj case obl punct root We PRON raked VERB the DET leaves NOUN into ADP a DET big ADJ pile NOUN and CCONJ jumped VERB in ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 raked nsubj 2 raked rake VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 leaves det 4 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 2 raked obj 5 into into ADP _ 8 pile case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 pile det 7 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 8 pile amod 8 pile pile NOUN Number=Sing 2 raked obl 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 jumped cc 10 jumped jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 raked conj 11 in in ADP _ 12 it case 12 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 jumped obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 raked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rake past We the leaves a big pile vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent leaf=Theme into pile=Destination 2 jump past We not said here pile vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in it=Trajectory
Example 8 She leafed through the comic book in the library.
nsubj case det amod obl case det nmod punct root She PRON leafed VERB through ADP the DET comic ADJ book NOUN in ADP the DET library NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 leafed nsubj 2 leafed leaf VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through ADP _ 6 book case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 book det 5 comic comic ADJ Degree=Pos 6 book amod 6 book book NOUN Number=Sing 2 leafed obl 7 in in ADP _ 9 library case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 library det 9 library library NOUN Number=Sing 6 book nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 leafed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leaf past She the comic book in the library vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent through book=Location
Example 9 A four-leaf clover is said to bring good luck.
det nummod punct compound nsubj:pass aux:pass mark xcomp amod obj punct root A DET four NUM - PUNCT leaf NOUN clover NOUN is AUX said VERB to PART bring VERB good ADJ luck NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 clover det 2 four four NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 leaf nummod 3 - - PUNCT _ 2 four punct 4 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 5 clover compound 5 clover clover NOUN Number=Sing 7 said nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 said aux:pass 7 said say VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 to to PART _ 9 bring mark 9 bring bring VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 said xcomp 10 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 11 luck amod 11 luck luck NOUN Number=Sing 9 bring obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present · passive a leaf clover tree rules 2 bring to-infinitive good luck vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent luck=Theme
Example 10 He promised to turn over a new leaf and do his homework on time.
The tree, 14 words nsubj mark xcomp compound:prt det amod obj cc conj nmod:poss obj case obl punct root He PRON promised VERB to PART turn VERB over ADP a DET new ADJ leaf NOUN and CCONJ do VERB his PRON homework NOUN on ADP time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 promised nsubj 2 promised promise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 4 turn mark 4 turn turn VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 promised xcomp 5 over over ADP _ 4 turn compound:prt 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 leaf det 7 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 8 leaf amod 8 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 4 turn obj 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 do cc 10 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 turn conj 11 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 homework nmod:poss 12 homework homework NOUN Number=Sing 10 do obj 13 on on ADP _ 14 time case 14 time time NOUN Number=Sing 10 do obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 promised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 promise speech: promise past He vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 turn over not said to happen to-infinitive He not said here a new leaf vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent leaf=Theme 3 do infinitive He not said here his homework time vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent homework=Eventuality
Example 11 Round about him, not a leaf stirred.
advmod case obl punct advmod det nsubj punct root Round ADV about ADP him PRON , PUNCT not PART a DET leaf NOUN stirred VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Round round ADV _ 8 stirred advmod 2 about about ADP _ 3 him case 3 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 1 Round obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 1 Round punct 5 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 stirred advmod 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 leaf det 7 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 8 stirred nsubj 8 stirred stir VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 stirred punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not stir participle a leaf round property vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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