ledge Who acts: ledge, narrow flat shelf, window ledge, bird, you, cat · What happens: be, stick out, build, put, rest, sit · To what, where: narrow flat shelf, wall, shelf, bottom, nest, cliff ledge
«ledge» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ledge in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A ledge is a narrow, flat shelf sticking out from a wall, cliff or window.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj cop det amod punct amod acl compound:prt case det obl punct conj cc conj punct root A DET ledge NOUN is AUX a DET narrow ADJ , PUNCT flat ADJ shelf NOUN sticking VERB out ADP from ADP a DET wall NOUN , PUNCT cliff NOUN or CCONJ window NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 ledge det 2 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 8 shelf nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 shelf cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 shelf det 5 narrow narrow ADJ Degree=Pos 8 shelf amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 narrow punct 7 flat flat ADJ Degree=Pos 8 shelf amod 8 shelf shelf NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 sticking stick VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 shelf acl 10 out out ADP _ 9 sticking compound:prt 11 from from ADP _ 13 wall case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 wall det 13 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 9 sticking obl 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 cliff punct 15 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 13 wall conj 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 window cc 17 window window NOUN Number=Sing 15 cliff conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 8 shelf punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a ledge a narrow flat shelf tree rules 2 stick out gerund a narrow flat shelf not said here a wall and cliff or window vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A window ledge (or windowsill) is the shelf at the bottom of a window.
The tree, 14 words det compound nsubj punct cc appos punct cop det case det nmod case det nmod punct root A DET window NOUN ledge NOUN ( PUNCT or CCONJ windowsill NOUN ) PUNCT is AUX the DET shelf NOUN at ADP the DET bottom NOUN of ADP a DET window NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 ledge det 2 window window NOUN Number=Sing 3 ledge compound 3 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 10 shelf nsubj 4 ( ( PUNCT _ 6 windowsill punct 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 windowsill cc 6 windowsill windowsill NOUN Number=Sing 3 ledge appos 7 ) ) PUNCT _ 6 windowsill punct 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 shelf cop 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 shelf det 10 shelf shelf NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 at at ADP _ 13 bottom case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 bottom det 13 bottom bottom NOUN Number=Sing 10 shelf nmod 14 of of ADP _ 16 window case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 window det 16 window window NOUN Number=Sing 13 bottom nmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 10 shelf punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a window ledge the shelf the bottom of a window tree rules
Example 1 A bird built its nest on the cliff ledge.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj case det compound obl punct root A DET bird NOUN built VERB its PRON nest NOUN on ADP the DET cliff NOUN ledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 bird det 2 bird bird NOUN Number=Sing 3 built nsubj 3 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 nest nmod:poss 5 nest nest NOUN Number=Sing 3 built obj 6 on on ADP _ 9 ledge case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 ledge det 8 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 9 ledge compound 9 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 3 built obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 built punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 build participle a bird bird's nest the cliff ledge vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent nest=Theme on ledge=Source
Example 2 Put the plant on the window ledge.
det obj case det compound obl punct root Put VERB the DET plant NOUN on ADP the DET window NOUN ledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Put put VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 plant det 3 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing 1 Put obj 4 on on ADP _ 7 ledge case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 ledge det 6 window window NOUN Number=Sing 7 ledge compound 7 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 1 Put obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put imperative you not said here the plant the window ledge vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent plant=Theme on ledge=Destination
Example 3 The climber rested on a narrow ledge.
det acl case det amod obl punct root The DET climber NOUN rested VERB on ADP a DET narrow ADJ ledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 climber det 2 climber climber NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 rested rest VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 climber acl 4 on on ADP _ 7 ledge case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 ledge det 6 narrow narrow ADJ Degree=Pos 7 ledge amod 7 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 3 rested obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 climber punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rest participle the climber not said here a narrow ledge vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on ledge=Location
Example 4 The cat sat on the ledge watching birds.
det nsubj case det obl advcl obj punct root The DET cat NOUN sat VERB on ADP the DET ledge NOUN watching VERB birds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cat det 2 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 3 sat nsubj 3 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 on on ADP _ 6 ledge case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 ledge det 6 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 3 sat obl 7 watching watch VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 sat advcl 8 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 7 watching obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past the cat the ledge vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ledge=Location 2 watch gerund the cat not said here birds vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Theme
Example 5 Never stand on a high ledge.
advmod case det amod obl punct root Never ADV stand VERB on ADP a DET high ADJ ledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Never never ADV PronType=Neg 2 stand advmod 2 stand stand VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 6 ledge case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 ledge det 5 high high ADJ Degree=Pos 6 ledge amod 6 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 2 stand obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 stand punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not stand imperative you not said here a high ledge vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ledge=Location
Example 6 The book fell off the ledge.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET book NOUN fell VERB off ADP the DET ledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 book det 2 book book NOUN Number=Sing 3 fell nsubj 3 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 off off ADP _ 6 ledge case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 ledge det 6 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 3 fell obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall off past the book the ledge vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient ledge=Extent
Example 7 The red in his eye had caught sight of Peter’s medicine standing on a ledge within easy reach.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj:pass case nmod:poss obl aux obj case nmod:poss case nmod acl case det obl case amod obl punct root The DET red ADJ in ADP his PRON eye NOUN had AUX caught VERB sight NOUN of ADP Peter PROPN ’s PART medicine NOUN standing VERB on ADP a DET ledge NOUN within ADP easy ADJ reach NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 red det 2 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 7 caught nsubj:pass 3 in in ADP _ 5 eye case 4 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 eye nmod:poss 5 eye eye NOUN Number=Sing 2 red obl 6 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 caught aux 7 caught catch VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 sight sight NOUN Number=Sing 7 caught obj 9 of of ADP _ 12 medicine case 10 Peter Peter PROPN Number=Sing 12 medicine nmod:poss 11 ’s 's PART _ 10 Peter case 12 medicine medicine NOUN Number=Sing 8 sight nmod 13 standing stand VERB VerbForm=Ger 12 medicine acl 14 on on ADP _ 16 ledge case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 ledge det 16 ledge ledge NOUN Number=Sing 13 standing obl 17 within within ADP _ 19 reach case 18 easy easy ADJ Degree=Pos 19 reach amod 19 reach reach NOUN Number=Sing 13 standing obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 7 caught punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 catch past · perfect · passive the red vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary sight=Theme 2 stand gerund Peter's medicine not said here a ledge within easy reach vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ledge=Location 3 sight Peter's medicine nom sight «cognition transitive»: of=patient 4 medicine Peter nom medicine «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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