less Who acts: Less, maths, Nothing, you, pen, Kim · What happens: mean, not mean, compare, be, talk, name · To what, where: smaller amount, two amounts, minus, ten eight, smallest amount, thing · Speech: someone speaks here
«less» in the school dictionary: its 6 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: less in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Less means a smaller amount: less sugar.
nsubj det amod obj punct amod nmod punct root Less ADJ means VERB a DET smaller ADJ amount NOUN : PUNCT less ADJ sugar NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 amount det 4 smaller small ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 amount amod 5 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obj 6 : : PUNCT _ 8 sugar punct 7 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 8 sugar amod 8 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 5 amount nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Less a smaller amount less sugar vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent amount=Topic
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Less means not so much: less noisy.
advmod advmod advmod advmod punct advmod parataxis punct root Less ADV means VERB not PART so ADV much ADV : PUNCT less ADV noisy ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Less less ADV Degree=Cmp 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 2 means advmod 4 so so ADV _ 5 much advmod 5 much much ADV _ 2 means advmod 6 : : PUNCT _ 8 noisy punct 7 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 8 noisy advmod 8 noisy noisy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means parataxis 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not mean present less property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 «Less than» compares two amounts: 5 is less than 8 (5 < 8).
The tree, 13 words punct nsubj fixed punct nummod obj punct parataxis cop conj fixed flat punct appos punct conj punct punct root « PUNCT Less ADJ than ADP » PUNCT compares VERB two NUM amounts NOUN : PUNCT 5 NUM is AUX less ADJ than ADP 8 NUM ( PUNCT 5 NUM < SYM 8 NUM ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Less punct 2 Less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 compares nsubj 3 than than ADP _ 2 Less fixed 4 » » PUNCT _ 2 Less punct 5 compares compare VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 7 amounts nummod 7 amounts amount NOUN Number=Plur 5 compares obj 8 : : PUNCT _ 9 5 punct 9 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 compares parataxis 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 less cop 11 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 5 conj 12 than than ADP _ 11 less fixed 13 8 8 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 5 flat 14 ( ( PUNCT _ 15 5 punct 15 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 5 appos 16 < < SYM _ 17 8 punct 17 8 8 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 15 5 conj 18 ) ) PUNCT _ 15 5 punct 19 . . PUNCT _ 5 compares punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 compare present Less two amounts vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent amount=Patient 2 is present Less not said here less property tree rules
Meaning 4 In maths talk, «less» can mean minus: ten less two is eight.
The tree, 12 words mark nsubj advcl punct punct nsubj punct aux obj punct compound amod conj cop ccomp punct root In SCONJ maths NOUN talk VERB , PUNCT « PUNCT less ADJ » PUNCT can AUX mean VERB minus NOUN : PUNCT ten NUM less ADJ two NUM is AUX eight NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in SCONJ _ 3 talk mark 2 maths math NOUN Number=Plur 3 talk nsubj 3 talk talk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 mean advcl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 talk punct 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 less punct 6 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 mean nsubj 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 less punct 8 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 mean aux 9 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 10 minus minu NOUN Number=Plur 9 mean obj 11 : : PUNCT _ 12 ten punct 12 ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 16 eight compound 13 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 14 two amod 14 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 12 ten conj 15 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 eight cop 16 eight eight NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 mean ccomp 17 . . PUNCT _ 9 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 talk present maths vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 mean can less minus vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent minu=Topic 3 is a present ten eight tree rules
Meaning 5 Least means the smallest amount of all.
advmod det amod obj case nmod punct root Least ADJ means VERB the DET smallest ADJ amount NOUN of ADP all DET . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Least least ADJ Degree=Sup 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 amount det 4 smallest small ADJ Degree=Sup 5 amount amod 5 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 all case 7 all all DET PronType=Tot 5 amount nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present the smallest amount of all vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent amount=Topic
Meaning 6 «Nothing less than» means only the very thing named, and nothing smaller.
The tree, 12 words punct nsubj amod fixed punct advmod det advmod obj acl punct cc parataxis amod punct root « PUNCT Nothing PRON less ADJ than ADP » PUNCT means VERB only ADV the DET very ADV thing NOUN named VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ nothing PRON smaller ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Nothing punct 2 Nothing nothing PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 6 means nsubj 3 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 2 Nothing amod 4 than than ADP _ 3 less fixed 5 » » PUNCT _ 2 Nothing punct 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 only only ADV _ 10 thing advmod 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 thing det 9 very very ADV _ 10 thing advmod 10 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 6 means obj 11 named name VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 thing acl 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 nothing punct 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 nothing cc 14 nothing nothing PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 6 means parataxis 15 smaller small ADJ Degree=Cmp 14 nothing amod 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Nothing the thing vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Topic 2 name participle the thing not said here vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 1 If you give some away to a friend, you have less: subtract.
The tree, 12 words mark nsubj advcl obj advmod case det obl punct nsubj obj punct conj punct root If SCONJ you PRON give VERB some DET away ADV to ADP a DET friend NOUN , PUNCT you PRON have VERB less ADJ : PUNCT subtract VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 3 give mark 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 give nsubj 3 give give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 have advcl 4 some some DET PronType=Ind 3 give obj 5 away away ADV _ 3 give advmod 6 to to ADP _ 8 friend case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 friend det 8 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 5 away obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 3 give punct 10 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 11 have nsubj 11 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 12 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 11 have obj 13 : : PUNCT _ 14 subtract punct 14 subtract subtract VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 have conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 11 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give a condition, not said to happen present you some away property vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent some=Theme 2 have present you less vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent less=Patient 3 subtract infinitive you not said here vn multiply-108-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 2 A pen costs 3 pounds less than a book.
det nsubj nummod obj advmod case det obl punct root A DET pen NOUN costs VERB 3 NUM pounds NOUN less ADJ than ADP a DET book NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 pen det 2 pen pen NOUN Number=Sing 3 costs nsubj 3 costs cost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 pounds nummod 5 pounds pound NOUN Number=Plur 3 costs obj 6 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 costs advmod 7 than than ADP _ 9 book case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 book det 9 book book NOUN Number=Sing 6 less obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 costs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cost present a pen 3 pounds vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme pound=Value
Example 3 Kim has less juice than Tom.
nsubj amod obj case nmod punct root Kim PROPN has VERB less ADJ juice NOUN than ADP Tom PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Kim Kim PROPN Number=Sing 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 4 juice amod 4 juice juice NOUN Number=Sing 2 has obj 5 than than ADP _ 6 Tom case 6 Tom Tom PROPN Number=Sing 4 juice nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Kim less juice than Tom vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent juice=Patient
Example 4 5 is less than 9.
nummod cop case obl punct root 5 NUM is AUX less ADJ than ADP 9 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 less nummod 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 less cop 3 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp root root 4 than than ADP _ 5 9 case 5 9 9 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 less obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 less punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present than 9; less property tree rules
Example 5 12 less 4 is 8.
compound amod nmod cop punct root 12 NUM less ADJ 4 NUM is AUX 8 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 8 compound 2 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 4 amod 3 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 1 12 nmod 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 8 cop 5 8 8 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 8 punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present 12 8 tree rules
Example 6 Please make less noise.
discourse amod obj punct root Please INTJ make VERB less ADJ noise NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 2 make discourse 2 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 4 noise amod 4 noise noise NOUN Number=Sing 2 make obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make imperative you not said here less noise vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset noise=Product
Example 7 Eat less sugar and more fruit.
amod obj cc amod conj punct root Eat VERB less ADJ sugar NOUN and CCONJ more ADJ fruit NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Eat eat VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 sugar amod 3 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 1 Eat obj 4 and and CCONJ _ 6 fruit cc 5 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 fruit amod 6 fruit fruit NOUN Number=Sing 3 sugar conj 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat imperative you not said here less sugar and more fruit vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sugar=Patient
Example 8 Who has the least money?
nsubj det amod obj punct root Who PRON has VERB the DET least ADJ money NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Who who PRON PronType=Rel 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 money det 4 least least ADJ Degree=Sup 5 money amod 5 money money NOUN Number=Sing 2 has obj 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the least money vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient
Example 9 He was accused of nothing less than murder.
nsubj aux:pass case obl amod case obl punct root He PRON was AUX accused VERB of ADP nothing PRON less ADJ than ADP murder NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 accused nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 accused aux:pass 3 accused accuse VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 of of ADP _ 5 nothing case 5 nothing nothing PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 3 accused obl 6 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 nothing amod 7 than than ADP _ 8 murder case 8 murder murder NOUN Number=Sing 6 less obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 accused punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 accuse past · passive He of nothing vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme of nothing=Attribute
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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