loanword Who acts: borrowed word, words, Pyjamas, Shampoo, teacher, chocolate · What happens: take, use, borrow, study, see, come · To what, where: word, language, loanword, Hindi, us, Spanish · Speech: someone speaks here
«loanword» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: loanword in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A word one language has taken from another language and now uses as its own, like «pizza» from Italian or «kindergarten» from German.
The tree, 23 words det nsubj:pass nummod appos aux case det obl cc advmod conj case nmod:poss obl punct case punct parataxis punct case obl cc punct conj punct case obl punct root A DET word NOUN one NUM language NOUN has AUX taken VERB from ADP another DET language NOUN and CCONJ now ADV uses VERB as ADP its PRON own ADJ , PUNCT like ADP « PUNCT pizza NOUN » PUNCT from ADP Italian ADJ or CCONJ « PUNCT kindergarten NOUN » PUNCT from ADP German PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 word det 2 word word NOUN Number=Sing 6 taken nsubj:pass 3 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 language nummod 4 language language NOUN Number=Sing 2 word appos 5 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 taken aux 6 taken take VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 from from ADP _ 9 language case 8 another another DET PronType=Ind 9 language det 9 language language NOUN Number=Sing 6 taken obl 10 and and CCONJ _ 12 uses cc 11 now now ADV PronType=Dem 12 uses advmod 12 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 taken conj 13 as as ADP _ 15 own case 14 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 15 own nmod:poss 15 own own ADJ Degree=Pos 12 uses obl 16 , , PUNCT _ 19 pizza punct 17 like like ADP _ 19 pizza case 18 « « PUNCT _ 19 pizza punct 19 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 6 taken parataxis 20 » » PUNCT _ 19 pizza punct 21 from from ADP _ 22 Italian case 22 Italian Italian ADJ Degree=Pos 6 taken obl 23 or or CCONJ _ 25 kindergarten cc 24 « « PUNCT _ 25 kindergarten punct 25 kindergarten kindergarten NOUN Number=Sing 6 taken conj 26 » » PUNCT _ 25 kindergarten punct 27 from from ADP _ 28 German case 28 German German PROPN Number=Sing 6 taken obl 29 . . PUNCT _ 6 taken punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take present · perfect · passive a word another language from Italian; from German tree rules 2 use present now as word's own vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: language study — kept apart, not parsed.
Any borrowed word, studied to see where words came from.
det amod nsubj punct mark xcomp advmod nsubj advcl obl punct root Any DET borrowed VERB word NOUN , PUNCT studied VERB to PART see VERB where ADV words NOUN came VERB from ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Any any DET PronType=Ind 3 word det 2 borrowed borrow VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 word amod 3 word word NOUN Number=Sing 5 studied nsubj 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 word punct 5 studied study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 to to PART _ 7 see mark 7 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 studied xcomp 8 where where ADV PronType=Rel 10 came advmod 9 words word NOUN Number=Plur 10 came nsubj 10 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 see advcl 11 from from ADP _ 10 came obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 studied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 borrow participle vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 study past any borrowed word vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 see to-infinitive any borrowed word not said here vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 4 come past words vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 «Pyjamas» is a loanword from Hindi and Urdu.
punct nsubj punct cop det case nmod cc conj punct root « PUNCT Pyjamas PROPN » PUNCT is AUX a DET loanword NOUN from ADP Hindi PROPN and CCONJ Urdu PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Pyjamas punct 2 Pyjamas Pyjamas PROPN Number=Sing 6 loanword nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Pyjamas punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 loanword cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 loanword det 6 loanword loanword NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 from from ADP _ 8 Hindi case 8 Hindi Hindi PROPN Number=Sing 6 loanword nmod 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 Urdu cc 10 Urdu Urdu PROPN Number=Sing 8 Hindi conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 loanword punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Pyjamas a loanword Hindi and Urdu tree rules
Example 2 «Shampoo» is a loanword from Hindi too.
punct nsubj punct cop det case nmod advmod punct root « PUNCT Shampoo NOUN » PUNCT is AUX a DET loanword NOUN from ADP Hindi PROPN too ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Shampoo punct 2 Shampoo shampoo NOUN Number=Sing 6 loanword nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Shampoo punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 loanword cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 loanword det 6 loanword loanword NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 from from ADP _ 8 Hindi case 8 Hindi Hindi PROPN Number=Sing 6 loanword nmod 9 too too ADV _ 6 loanword advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 loanword punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Shampoo a loanword Hindi tree rules
Example 3 Our teacher showed us that «chocolate» is a loanword from Spanish, which took it from Nahuatl.
The tree, 16 words nmod:poss nsubj iobj mark punct nsubj punct cop det ccomp case nmod punct nsubj acl:relcl obj case obl punct root Our PRON teacher NOUN showed VERB us PRON that SCONJ « PUNCT chocolate NOUN » PUNCT is AUX a DET loanword NOUN from ADP Spanish PROPN , PUNCT which PRON took VERB it PRON from ADP Nahuatl PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 showed iobj 5 that that SCONJ _ 11 loanword mark 6 « « PUNCT _ 7 chocolate punct 7 chocolate chocolate NOUN Number=Sing 11 loanword nsubj 8 » » PUNCT _ 7 chocolate punct 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 loanword cop 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 loanword det 11 loanword loanword NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed ccomp 12 from from ADP _ 13 Spanish case 13 Spanish Spanish PROPN Number=Sing 11 loanword nmod 14 , , PUNCT _ 16 took punct 15 which which PRON PronType=Rel 16 took nsubj 16 took take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 Spanish acl:relcl 17 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 took obj 18 from from ADP _ 19 Nahuatl case 19 Nahuatl Nahuatl PROPN Number=Sing 16 took obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past Our teacher us vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent we=Recipient 2 is a present chocolate a loanword Spanish tree rules 3 take past Spanish chocolate Nahuatl vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent it=Theme from nahuatl=Initial_Location
Example 4 Japanese has many English loanwords, like «aisu kuriimu» for ice cream.
The tree, 11 words nsubj amod amod obj punct case punct conj flat:foreign punct case compound nmod punct root Japanese ADJ has VERB many ADJ English ADJ loanwords NOUN , PUNCT like ADP « PUNCT aisu NOUN kuriimu X » PUNCT for ADP ice NOUN cream NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Japanese Japanese ADJ Degree=Pos 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 5 loanwords amod 4 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 5 loanwords amod 5 loanwords loanword NOUN Number=Plur 2 has obj 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 aisu punct 7 like like ADP _ 9 aisu case 8 « « PUNCT _ 9 aisu punct 9 aisu aisu NOUN Number=Sing 5 loanwords conj 10 kuriimu kuriimu X Foreign=Yes 9 aisu flat:foreign 11 » » PUNCT _ 10 kuriimu punct 12 for for ADP _ 14 cream case 13 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 14 cream compound 14 cream cream NOUN Number=Sing 9 aisu nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Japanese many English loanwords and aisu for ice cream vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent loanword=Patient
Example 5 «Safari» came into English as a loanword from Swahili.
punct nsubj punct case obl case det obl case nmod punct root « PUNCT Safari NOUN » PUNCT came VERB into ADP English PROPN as ADP a DET loanword NOUN from ADP Swahili PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Safari punct 2 Safari safari NOUN Number=Sing 4 came nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Safari punct 4 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 into into ADP _ 6 English case 6 English English PROPN Number=Sing 4 came obl 7 as as ADP _ 9 loanword case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 loanword det 9 loanword loanword NOUN Number=Sing 4 came obl 10 from from ADP _ 11 Swahili case 11 Swahili Swahili PROPN Number=Sing 9 loanword nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come past Safari English as a loanword from Swahili vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into english=Initial_Location
Example 6 Many loanwords keep their foreign spelling, such as «croissant».
amod nsubj nmod:poss amod obj punct case fixed punct appos punct punct root Many ADJ loanwords NOUN keep VERB their PRON foreign ADJ spelling NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP « PUNCT croissant NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Many many ADJ Degree=Pos 2 loanwords amod 2 loanwords loanword NOUN Number=Plur 3 keep nsubj 3 keep keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 spelling nmod:poss 5 foreign foreign ADJ Degree=Pos 6 spelling amod 6 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 3 keep obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 croissant punct 8 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 11 croissant case 9 as as ADP _ 8 such fixed 10 « « PUNCT _ 11 croissant punct 11 croissant croissant NOUN Number=Sing 6 spelling appos 12 » » PUNCT _ 11 croissant punct 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep present Many loanwords loanwords's foreign spelling vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Theme 2 spell loanwords = loanword nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 7 We made a poster of loanwords and the countries they came from.
nsubj det obj case nmod cc det conj nsubj acl:relcl obl punct root We PRON made VERB a DET poster NOUN of ADP loanwords NOUN and CCONJ the DET countries NOUN they PRON came VERB from ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 poster det 4 poster poster NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 loanwords case 6 loanwords loanword NOUN Number=Plur 4 poster nmod 7 and and CCONJ _ 9 countries cc 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 countries det 9 countries country NOUN Number=Plur 6 loanwords conj 10 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 came nsubj 11 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 countries acl:relcl 12 from from ADP _ 11 came obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past We a poster of loanwords and the countries vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poster=Product 2 come past countries = country the countries not said here vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location country=Theme 3 post loanwords and the countries nom poster «communication transitive»: of=patient
Example 8 «Boomerang» is a loanword from an Aboriginal language of Australia.
punct nsubj punct cop det case det amod nmod case nmod punct root « PUNCT Boomerang NOUN » PUNCT is AUX a DET loanword NOUN from ADP an DET Aboriginal ADJ language NOUN of ADP Australia PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Boomerang punct 2 Boomerang boomerang NOUN Number=Sing 6 loanword nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Boomerang punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 loanword cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 loanword det 6 loanword loanword NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 from from ADP _ 10 language case 8 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 language det 9 Aboriginal aboriginal ADJ Degree=Pos 10 language amod 10 language language NOUN Number=Sing 6 loanword nmod 11 of of ADP _ 12 Australia case 12 Australia Australia PROPN Number=Sing 10 language nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 loanword punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Boomerang a loanword a Aboriginal language of Australia tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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