miasma Who acts: cloud, heavy unpleasant feeling, bad air, People, John, miasma · What happens: smell, rot, hang, cause, discover, blame · To what, where: place, diseases, germs, cholera, miasma, dirty water
«miasma» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: miasma in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A cloud of bad-smelling, unhealthy air, such as the smell from rotting things or a swamp.
The tree, 17 words det mark amod punct acl punct amod conj punct case fixed det conj case amod nmod cc det conj punct root A DET cloud NOUN of SCONJ bad ADJ - PUNCT smelling VERB , PUNCT unhealthy ADJ air NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP the DET smell NOUN from ADP rotting VERB things NOUN or CCONJ a DET swamp NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cloud det 2 cloud cloud NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 of of SCONJ _ 6 smelling mark 4 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 6 smelling amod 5 - - PUNCT _ 4 bad punct 6 smelling smell VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 cloud acl 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 air punct 8 unhealthy unhealthy ADJ Degree=Pos 9 air amod 9 air air NOUN Number=Sing 2 cloud conj 10 , , PUNCT _ 14 smell punct 11 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 14 smell case 12 as as ADP _ 11 such fixed 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 smell det 14 smell smell NOUN Number=Sing 2 cloud conj 15 from from ADP _ 17 things case 16 rotting rot VERB VerbForm=Ger 17 things amod 17 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 14 smell nmod 18 or or CCONJ _ 20 swamp cc 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 swamp det 20 swamp swamp NOUN Number=Sing 17 things conj 21 . . PUNCT _ 2 cloud punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 smell gerund a cloud and unhealthy air and the smell from rotting things or a swamp not said here vn smell_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 rot gerund vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.
A heavy, unpleasant feeling that hangs over a place: «a miasma of gloom».
The tree, 13 words det amod punct amod nsubj acl:relcl case det obl punct punct det appos case nmod punct punct root A DET heavy ADJ , PUNCT unpleasant ADJ feeling NOUN that PRON hangs VERB over ADP a DET place NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT a DET miasma NOUN of ADP gloom NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 feeling det 2 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 5 feeling amod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 heavy punct 4 unpleasant unpleasant ADJ Degree=Pos 5 feeling amod 5 feeling feeling NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 hangs nsubj 7 hangs hang VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 feeling acl:relcl 8 over over ADP _ 10 place case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 place det 10 place place NOUN Number=Sing 7 hangs obl 11 : : PUNCT _ 14 miasma punct 12 « « PUNCT _ 14 miasma punct 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 miasma det 14 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 10 place appos 15 of of ADP _ 16 gloom case 16 gloom gloom NOUN Number=Sing 14 miasma nmod 17 » » PUNCT _ 14 miasma punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 feeling punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hang present a heavy unpleasant feeling a place vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over place=Location
Meaning 3 Usage: history of science — kept apart, not parsed.
The old wrong idea that diseases like cholera were caused by «bad air» (miasma), before germs were discovered.
The tree, 18 words det amod amod obj nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass acl:relcl case punct amod obl punct punct appos punct punct mark nsubj:pass aux:pass parataxis punct root The DET old ADJ wrong ADJ idea NOUN that PRON diseases NOUN like ADP cholera NOUN were AUX caused VERB by ADP « PUNCT bad ADJ air NOUN » PUNCT ( PUNCT miasma NOUN ) PUNCT , PUNCT before SCONJ germs NOUN were AUX discovered VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 idea det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 idea amod 3 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 4 idea amod 4 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 caused obj 6 diseases disease NOUN Number=Plur 10 caused nsubj:pass 7 like like ADP _ 8 cholera case 8 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 6 diseases nmod 9 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 caused aux:pass 10 caused cause VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 idea acl:relcl 11 by by ADP _ 14 air case 12 « « PUNCT _ 14 air punct 13 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 14 air amod 14 air air NOUN Number=Sing 10 caused obl 15 » » PUNCT _ 14 air punct 16 ( ( PUNCT _ 17 miasma punct 17 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 14 air appos 18 ) ) PUNCT _ 17 miasma punct 19 , , PUNCT _ 23 discovered punct 20 before before SCONJ _ 23 discovered mark 21 germs germ NOUN Number=Plur 23 discovered nsubj:pass 22 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 23 discovered aux:pass 23 discovered discover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 caused parataxis 24 . . PUNCT _ 4 idea punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cause past · passive bad air diseases like cholera vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Causer subject=Theme that=Eventuality 2 discover past · passive germs vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
Example 1 A miasma rose from the rotting swamp.
det compound case det amod nmod punct root A DET miasma NOUN rose NOUN from ADP the DET rotting VERB swamp NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 rose det 2 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 3 rose compound 3 rose rose NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 from from ADP _ 7 swamp case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 swamp det 6 rotting rot VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 swamp amod 7 swamp swamp NOUN Number=Sing 3 rose nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 rose punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rot gerund vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 2 People once blamed cholera on miasma, or bad air.
nsubj advmod obj case obl punct cc amod obl punct root People NOUN once ADV blamed VERB cholera NOUN on ADP miasma NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ bad ADJ air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 People people NOUN Number=Plur 3 blamed nsubj 2 once once ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Mult 3 blamed advmod 3 blamed blame VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 3 blamed obj 5 on on ADP _ 6 miasma case 6 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 3 blamed obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 air punct 8 or or CCONJ _ 10 air cc 9 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 10 air amod 10 air air NOUN Number=Sing 3 blamed obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 blamed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 blame past People cholera miasma bad air obl ; once property vn judgment-33.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cholera=Theme
Example 3 John Snow showed that dirty water, not miasma, spread cholera.
nsubj flat mark amod obj punct advmod parataxis punct acl obj punct root John PROPN Snow PROPN showed VERB that SCONJ dirty ADJ water NOUN , PUNCT not PART miasma NOUN , PUNCT spread VERB cholera NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 John John PROPN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 2 Snow Snow PROPN Number=Sing 1 John flat 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 6 water mark 5 dirty dirty ADJ Degree=Pos 6 water amod 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 miasma punct 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 9 miasma advmod 9 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed parataxis 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 spread punct 11 spread spread VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 miasma acl 12 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 11 spread obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past John dirty water vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent water=Recipient 2 spread participle miasma not said here cholera vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cholera=Theme
Example 4 A miasma of cigarette smoke filled the old pub.
det nsubj case compound nmod det amod obj punct root A DET miasma NOUN of ADP cigarette NOUN smoke NOUN filled VERB the DET old ADJ pub NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 miasma det 2 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 6 filled nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 smoke case 4 cigarette cigarette NOUN Number=Sing 5 smoke compound 5 smoke smoke NOUN Number=Sing 2 miasma nmod 6 filled fill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 pub det 8 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 9 pub amod 9 pub pub NOUN Number=Sing 6 filled obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 filled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fill past a miasma of cigarette smoke the old pub vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pub=Patient
Example 5 A miasma of sadness hung over the empty house.
det nsubj:pass case nmod case det amod obl punct root A DET miasma NOUN of ADP sadness NOUN hung VERB over ADP the DET empty ADJ house NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 miasma det 2 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 5 hung nsubj:pass 3 of of ADP _ 4 sadness case 4 sadness sadness NOUN Number=Sing 2 miasma nmod 5 hung hang VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 over over ADP _ 9 house case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 house det 8 empty empty ADJ Degree=Pos 9 house amod 9 house house NOUN Number=Sing 5 hung obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 hung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hang participle · passive a miasma of sadness the empty house vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme over house=Destination
Example 6 Miasma theory was replaced by germ theory.
compound nsubj:pass aux:pass case compound obl punct root Miasma PROPN theory NOUN was AUX replaced VERB by ADP germ NOUN theory NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Miasma Miasma PROPN Number=Sing 2 theory compound 2 theory theory NOUN Number=Sing 4 replaced nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 replaced aux:pass 4 replaced replace VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 by by ADP _ 7 theory case 6 germ germ NOUN Number=Sing 7 theory compound 7 theory theory NOUN Number=Sing 4 replaced obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 replaced punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 replace past · passive germ theory Miasma theory vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme
Example 7 The dragon's cave was full of a foul miasma.
det nmod:poss case nsubj cop case det amod obl punct root The DET dragon NOUN 's PART cave NOUN was AUX full ADJ of ADP a DET foul ADJ miasma NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 dragon det 2 dragon dragon NOUN Number=Sing 4 cave nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 dragon case 4 cave cave NOUN Number=Sing 6 full nsubj 5 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 full cop 6 full full ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 of of ADP _ 10 miasma case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 miasma det 9 foul foul ADJ Degree=Pos 10 miasma amod 10 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 6 full obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 full punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the dragon's cave of a foul miasma; full property tree rules
Example 8 Florence Nightingale also believed in miasma, but her cleaning still saved lives.
nsubj flat advmod case obl punct cc nmod:poss nsubj advmod conj obj punct root Florence PROPN Nightingale PROPN also ADV believed VERB in ADP miasma NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ her PRON cleaning NOUN still ADV saved VERB lives NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Florence Florence PROPN Number=Sing 4 believed nsubj 2 Nightingale Nightingale PROPN Number=Sing 1 Florence flat 3 also also ADV _ 4 believed advmod 4 believed believe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 in in ADP _ 6 miasma case 6 miasma miasma NOUN Number=Sing 4 believed obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 12 saved punct 8 but but CCONJ _ 12 saved cc 9 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 cleaning nmod:poss 10 cleaning cleaning NOUN Number=Sing 12 saved nsubj 11 still still ADV _ 12 saved advmod 12 saved save VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 believed conj 13 lives life NOUN Number=Plur 12 saved obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 4 believed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 believe past Florence miasma vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 2 save past Florence's cleaning lives still vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Theme 3 clean Florence nom cleaning «act intransitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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