permafrost Who acts: Scientists, climate, permafrost, Trees, Thawing · What happens: freeze, find, be, build, warm, thaw · To what, where: Ground, cold places, ground permafrost, northern Canada, baby mammoth, permafrost
«permafrost» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: permafrost in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Ground that stays frozen all year round for at least two years in a row, found in very cold places like the Arctic, Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada.
The tree, 28 words nsubj:pass nsubj aux:pass det obl:unmarked advmod case case nmod nummod obl case det nmod punct parataxis case advmod amod obl case det nmod punct conj punct conj cc amod conj punct root Ground NOUN that PRON stays VERB frozen VERB all DET year NOUN round ADV for ADP at ADP least ADJ two NUM years NOUN in ADP a DET row NOUN , PUNCT found VERB in ADP very ADV cold ADJ places NOUN like ADP the DET Arctic PROPN , PUNCT Siberia PROPN , PUNCT Alaska PROPN and CCONJ northern ADJ Canada PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 4 frozen nsubj:pass 2 that that PRON PronType=Rel 3 stays nsubj 3 stays stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 frozen aux:pass 4 frozen freeze VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 all all DET PronType=Tot 6 year det 6 year year NOUN Number=Sing 4 frozen obl:unmarked 7 round round ADV _ 4 frozen advmod 8 for for ADP _ 12 years case 9 at at ADP _ 10 least case 10 least least ADJ Degree=Sup 11 two nmod 11 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 12 years nummod 12 years year NOUN Number=Plur 4 frozen obl 13 in in ADP _ 15 row case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 row det 15 row row NOUN Number=Sing 12 years nmod 16 , , PUNCT _ 17 found punct 17 found find VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 frozen parataxis 18 in in ADP _ 21 places case 19 very very ADV _ 20 cold advmod 20 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 21 places amod 21 places place NOUN Number=Plur 17 found obl 22 like like ADP _ 24 Arctic case 23 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 24 Arctic det 24 Arctic Arctic PROPN Number=Sing 21 places nmod 25 , , PUNCT _ 26 Siberia punct 26 Siberia Siberia PROPN Number=Sing 24 Arctic conj 27 , , PUNCT _ 28 Alaska punct 28 Alaska Alaska PROPN Number=Sing 24 Arctic conj 29 and and CCONJ _ 31 Canada cc 30 northern northern ADJ Degree=Pos 31 Canada amod 31 Canada Canada PROPN Number=Sing 24 Arctic conj 32 . . PUNCT _ 4 frozen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 freeze present · passive Ground year round property vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result 2 find participle cold places like the Arctic and Siberia and Alaska and northern Canada vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 In northern Canada, the ground under the moss is permafrost.
case amod obl punct det compound case det nmod cop punct root In ADP northern ADJ Canada PROPN , PUNCT the DET ground NOUN under ADP the DET moss NOUN is AUX permafrost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 Canada case 2 northern northern ADJ Degree=Pos 3 Canada amod 3 Canada Canada PROPN Number=Sing 11 permafrost obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 ground punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 ground det 6 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 11 permafrost compound 7 under under ADP _ 9 moss case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 moss det 9 moss moss NOUN Number=Sing 6 ground nmod 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 permafrost cop 11 permafrost permafrost NOUN Number=Sing root root 12 . . PUNCT _ 11 permafrost punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present ground permafrost northern Canada tree rules
Example 2 Scientists found a baby mammoth frozen in the permafrost.
nsubj det compound obj acl case det obl punct root Scientists NOUN found VERB a DET baby NOUN mammoth NOUN frozen VERB in ADP the DET permafrost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 found nsubj 2 found find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 mammoth det 4 baby baby NOUN Number=Sing 5 mammoth compound 5 mammoth mammoth NOUN Number=Sing 2 found obj 6 frozen freeze VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 mammoth acl 7 in in ADP _ 9 permafrost case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 permafrost det 9 permafrost permafrost NOUN Number=Sing 6 frozen obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 found punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find past Scientists a baby mammoth vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mammoth=Topic 2 freeze participle a baby mammoth not said here the permafrost vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 3 Houses in Siberia are built on stilts above the permafrost.
nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass case obl case det nmod punct root Houses NOUN in ADP Siberia PROPN are AUX built VERB on ADP stilts NOUN above ADP the DET permafrost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Houses house NOUN Number=Plur 5 built nsubj:pass 2 in in ADP _ 3 Siberia case 3 Siberia Siberia PROPN Number=Sing 1 Houses nmod 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 built aux:pass 5 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 on on ADP _ 7 stilts case 7 stilts stilt NOUN Number=Plur 5 built obl 8 above above ADP _ 10 permafrost case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 permafrost det 10 permafrost permafrost NOUN Number=Sing 7 stilts nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 built punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 build present · passive Houses in Siberia stilts above the permafrost vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on stilt=Source
Example 4 As the climate warms, the permafrost is thawing.
mark det nsubj advcl punct det nsubj aux punct root As SCONJ the DET climate NOUN warms VERB , PUNCT the DET permafrost NOUN is AUX thawing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as SCONJ _ 4 warms mark 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 climate det 3 climate climate NOUN Number=Sing 4 warms nsubj 4 warms warm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 thawing advcl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 warms punct 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 permafrost det 7 permafrost permafrost NOUN Number=Sing 9 thawing nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 thawing aux 9 thawing thaw VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 10 . . PUNCT _ 9 thawing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 warm present the climate vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 thaw present · progressive the permafrost vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 5 Trees cannot grow deep roots in permafrost.
nsubj aux advmod amod obj case obl punct root Trees NOUN can AUX not PART grow VERB deep ADJ roots NOUN in ADP permafrost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 4 grow nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 grow aux 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 grow advmod 4 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 deep deep ADJ Degree=Pos 6 roots amod 6 roots root NOUN Number=Plur 4 grow obj 7 in in ADP _ 8 permafrost case 8 permafrost permafrost NOUN Number=Sing 4 grow obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 grow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not grow can Trees deep roots permafrost vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location root=Theme
Example 6 Thawing permafrost lets out greenhouse gases.
csubj obj compound:prt compound obj punct root Thawing VERB permafrost NOUN lets VERB out ADP greenhouse NOUN gases NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Thawing thaw VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 lets csubj 2 permafrost permafrost NOUN Number=Sing 1 Thawing obj 3 lets let VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 out out ADP _ 3 lets compound:prt 5 greenhouse greenhouse NOUN Number=Sing 6 gases compound 6 gases gas NOUN Number=Plur 3 lets obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 lets punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 thaw gerund permafrost vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient permafrost=Result 2 let out present Thawing greenhouse gases vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gas=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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