personally Who acts: your, you, I, head teacher, pizza, author · What happens: use, give, opine, do, job, take · To what, where: own opinion, yourself, it, something, cats, us · Speech: someone speaks here
«personally» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: personally in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Used to give your own opinion.
mark xcomp nmod:poss amod obj punct root Used VERB to PART give VERB your PRON own ADJ opinion NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 2 to to PART _ 3 give mark 3 give give VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Used xcomp 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 opinion nmod:poss 5 own own ADJ Degree=Pos 6 opinion amod 6 opinion opinion NOUN Number=Sing 3 give obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use participle vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 2 give to-infinitive your own opinion vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent opinion=Theme 3 opine your nom opinion «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
Personally, I prefer cats.
advmod punct nsubj obj punct root Personally ADV , PUNCT I PRON prefer VERB cats NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Personally personally ADV _ 4 prefer advmod 2 , , PUNCT _ 4 prefer punct 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 prefer nsubj 4 prefer prefer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 cats cat NOUN Number=Plur 4 prefer obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 prefer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 prefer present I cats personally property vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cat=Stimulus
Meaning 2 Done by you yourself, not by someone else.
case obl obl punct advmod case obl:agent advmod punct root Done VERB by ADP you PRON yourself PRON , PUNCT not PART by ADP someone PRON else ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Done do VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 2 by by ADP _ 3 you case 3 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 1 Done obl 4 yourself yourself PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 1 Done obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 8 someone punct 6 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 someone advmod 7 by by ADP _ 8 someone case 8 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Done obl:agent 9 else else ADV _ 8 someone advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 1 Done punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do participle yourself by you vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
The head teacher personally thanked us.
det compound nsubj advmod obj punct root The DET head NOUN teacher NOUN personally ADV thanked VERB us PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 teacher det 2 head head NOUN Number=Sing 3 teacher compound 3 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 5 thanked nsubj 4 personally personally ADV _ 5 thanked advmod 5 thanked thank VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 thanked obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 5 thanked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 thank speech: thank past the head teacher us personally property vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme
Meaning 3 As a person, not about your job or skill.
case det punct advmod case nmod:poss conj cc conj punct root As ADP a DET person NOUN , PUNCT not PART about ADP your PRON job NOUN or CCONJ skill NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as ADP _ 3 person case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 person det 3 person person NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 8 job punct 5 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 job advmod 6 about about ADP _ 8 job case 7 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 job nmod:poss 8 job job NOUN Number=Sing 3 person conj 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 skill cc 10 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing 8 job conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 person punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 job your nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
I don't know him personally.
nsubj aux advmod obj advmod punct root I PRON do AUX n't PART know VERB him PRON personally ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 know nsubj 2 do do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 know aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 know advmod 4 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 know obj 6 personally personally ADV _ 4 know advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 know punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not know present · do-support I him = he personally property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus
Meaning 4 «Take it personally»: to feel hurt as if something was aimed at you.
The tree, 13 words punct obj advmod punct punct mark conj xcomp mark mark nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl case obl punct root « PUNCT Take VERB it PRON personally ADV » PUNCT : PUNCT to PART feel VERB hurt VERB as SCONJ if SCONJ something PRON was AUX aimed VERB at ADP you PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Take punct 2 Take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 Take obj 4 personally personally ADV _ 2 Take advmod 5 » » PUNCT _ 2 Take punct 6 : : PUNCT _ 8 feel punct 7 to to PART _ 8 feel mark 8 feel feel VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 2 Take conj 9 hurt hurt VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 feel xcomp 10 as as SCONJ _ 14 aimed mark 11 if if SCONJ _ 14 aimed mark 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 14 aimed nsubj:pass 13 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 14 aimed aux:pass 14 aimed aim VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 hurt advcl 15 at at ADP _ 16 you case 16 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 14 aimed obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 Take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take in a quote imperative you not said here it personally property vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme 2 feel to-infinitive you not said here vn conjecture-29.5-2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 3 hurt participle you not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 4 aim past · passive something at you vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 1 Personally, I think pizza is better than burgers.
advmod punct nsubj nsubj cop ccomp case obl punct root Personally ADV , PUNCT I PRON think VERB pizza NOUN is AUX better ADJ than ADP burgers NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Personally personally ADV _ 4 think advmod 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Personally punct 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 think nsubj 4 think think VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 7 better nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 better cop 7 better good ADJ Degree=Cmp 4 think ccomp 8 than than ADP _ 9 burgers case 9 burgers burger NOUN Number=Plur 7 better obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 think punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 think speech: other present I personally property vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is present pizza than burgers; good property tree rules
Example 2 The author personally signed our books.
det nsubj advmod nmod:poss obj punct root The DET author NOUN personally ADV signed VERB our PRON books NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 author det 2 author author NOUN Number=Sing 4 signed nsubj 3 personally personally ADV _ 4 signed advmod 4 signed sign VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 books nmod:poss 6 books book NOUN Number=Plur 4 signed obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 signed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sign past the author our books personally property vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Destination
Example 3 I don't know the mayor personally.
nsubj aux advmod det obj advmod punct root I PRON do AUX n't PART know VERB the DET mayor NOUN personally ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 know nsubj 2 do do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 know aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 know advmod 4 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 mayor det 6 mayor mayor NOUN Number=Sing 4 know obj 7 personally personally ADV _ 4 know advmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 know punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not know present · do-support I the mayor personally property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer mayor=Stimulus
Example 4 Don't take it personally — the coach shouts at everyone.
aux advmod obj advmod punct det nsubj parataxis case obl punct root Do AUX n't PART take VERB it PRON personally ADV — PUNCT the DET coach NOUN shouts VERB at ADP everyone PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 take aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 take advmod 3 take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 take obj 5 personally personally ADV _ 3 take advmod 6 — - PUNCT _ 9 shouts punct 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 coach det 8 coach coach NOUN Number=Sing 9 shouts nsubj 9 shouts shout VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 take parataxis 10 at at ADP _ 11 everyone case 11 everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 9 shouts obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not take imperative · do-support you not said here it personally property vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme 2 shout speech: express present the coach everyone vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 5 She personally checked every answer.
nsubj advmod det obj punct root She PRON personally ADV checked VERB every DET answer NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 checked nsubj 2 personally personally ADV _ 3 checked advmod 3 checked check VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 every every DET PronType=Tot 5 answer det 5 answer answer NOUN Number=Sing 3 checked obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 checked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 check past She every answer personally property vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme
Example 6 Personally speaking, I'd rather stay in.
advmod advcl punct nsubj aux advmod advmod punct root Personally ADV speaking VERB , PUNCT I PRON 'd AUX rather ADV stay VERB in ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Personally personally ADV _ 2 speaking advmod 2 speaking speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 stay advcl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 speaking punct 4 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 stay nsubj 5 'd would AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 stay aux 6 rather rather ADV _ 7 stay advmod 7 stay stay VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 8 in in ADV _ 7 stay advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 7 stay punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other gerund I not said here personally property vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 stay in would I vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 He had often watched them flying across the sea, but he had never expected to get to know one personally.
The tree, 20 words nsubj aux advmod obj xcomp case det obl punct cc nsubj:pass aux advmod conj mark xcomp mark xcomp obj advmod punct root He PRON had AUX often ADV watched VERB them PRON flying VERB across ADP the DET sea NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ he PRON had AUX never ADV expected VERB to PART get VERB to PART know VERB one NUM personally ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 watched nsubj 2 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 watched aux 3 often often ADV _ 4 watched advmod 4 watched watch VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 watched obj 6 flying fly VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 watched xcomp 7 across across ADP _ 9 sea case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 sea det 9 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 6 flying obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 15 expected punct 11 but but CCONJ _ 15 expected cc 12 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 expected nsubj:pass 13 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 15 expected aux 14 never never ADV PronType=Neg 15 expected advmod 15 expected expect VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 watched conj 16 to to PART _ 17 get mark 17 get get VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 expected xcomp 18 to to PART _ 19 know mark 19 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 get xcomp 20 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 19 know obj 21 personally personally ADV _ 19 know advmod 22 . . PUNCT _ 4 watched punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 watch past · perfect He them = they often property tree rules 2 fly gerund them = they not said here the sea vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across sea=Trajectory 3 not expect past · perfect · passive he tree rules 4 get not said to happen to-infinitive he not said here vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 5 know to-infinitive he not said here one personally property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer one=Stimulus
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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