polka Who acts: lively bouncy dance, music, pattern, round dots, we, band · What happens: start, play, spread, pattern, dance, learn · To what, where: Central Europe, cloth, polka, school ceilidh, hall, two beats
«polka» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: polka in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A lively, bouncy dance for couples that started in Central Europe in the 1800s, with quick hopping steps.
The tree, 18 words det amod punct amod nsubj case nmod nsubj case flat obl case det obl punct case amod compound obl punct root A DET lively ADJ , PUNCT bouncy ADJ dance NOUN for ADP couples NOUN that PRON started VERB in ADP Central PROPN Europe PROPN in ADP the DET 1800s NOUN , PUNCT with ADP quick ADJ hopping NOUN steps NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 dance det 2 lively lively ADJ Degree=Pos 5 dance amod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 lively punct 4 bouncy bouncy ADJ Degree=Pos 5 dance amod 5 dance dance NOUN Number=Sing 9 started nsubj 6 for for ADP _ 7 couples case 7 couples couple NOUN Number=Plur 5 dance nmod 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 9 started nsubj 9 started start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 10 in in ADP _ 12 Europe case 11 Central Central PROPN Number=Sing 12 Europe flat 12 Europe Europe PROPN Number=Sing 9 started obl 13 in in ADP _ 15 1800s case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 1800s det 15 1800s 1800 NOUN Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card 9 started obl 16 , , PUNCT _ 20 steps punct 17 with with ADP _ 20 steps case 18 quick quick ADJ Degree=Pos 20 steps amod 19 hopping hopping NOUN Number=Sing 20 steps compound 20 steps step NOUN Number=Plur 9 started obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 9 started punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 start past a lively bouncy dance for couples Central Europe in the 1800s; with quick hopping steps vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with step=Subeventuality
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 The music played for this dance, usually with two beats in a bar.
The tree, 13 words det nsubj case det obl punct advmod case nummod obl case det nmod punct root The DET music NOUN played VERB for ADP this DET dance NOUN , PUNCT usually ADV with ADP two NUM beats NOUN in ADP a DET bar NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 music det 2 music music NOUN Number=Sing 3 played nsubj 3 played play VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 for for ADP _ 6 dance case 5 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 6 dance det 6 dance dance NOUN Number=Sing 3 played obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 beats punct 8 usually usually ADV _ 11 beats advmod 9 with with ADP _ 11 beats case 10 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 11 beats nummod 11 beats beat NOUN Number=Plur 3 played obl 12 in in ADP _ 14 bar case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 bar det 14 bar bar NOUN Number=Sing 11 beats nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 played punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 play past the music for this dance; with two beats in a bar vn play-114.2-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with beat=Theme
Meaning 3 Usage: as in «polka dots» — kept apart, not parsed.
a pattern of round dots of the same size spread evenly over cloth.
det nsubj case amod nmod case det amod nmod advmod case obl punct root a DET pattern NOUN of ADP round ADJ dots NOUN of ADP the DET same ADJ size NOUN spread VERB evenly ADV over ADP cloth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 pattern det 2 pattern pattern NOUN Number=Sing 10 spread nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 dots case 4 round round ADJ Degree=Pos 5 dots amod 5 dots dot NOUN Number=Plur 2 pattern nmod 6 of of ADP _ 9 size case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 size det 8 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 9 size amod 9 size size NOUN Number=Sing 5 dots nmod 10 spread spread VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 11 evenly evenly ADV _ 10 spread advmod 12 over over ADP _ 13 cloth case 13 cloth cloth NOUN Number=Sing 10 spread obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 10 spread punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread past a pattern of round dots of the same size cloth evenly property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over cloth=Location 2 pattern round dots of the same size nom pattern «cognition intransitive»: of=agent
Meaning 4 Usage: verb, rare — kept apart, not parsed.
To dance a polka.
mark det obj punct root To PART dance VERB a DET polka NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 dance mark 2 dance dance VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 polka det 4 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 2 dance obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 dance punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 dance to-infinitive a polka vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location polka=Theme
Example 1 At the school ceilidh we learned to dance the polka.
case det compound obl nsubj mark xcomp det obj punct root At ADP the DET school NOUN ceilidh NOUN we PRON learned VERB to PART dance VERB the DET polka NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 At at ADP _ 4 ceilidh case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 ceilidh det 3 school school NOUN Number=Sing 4 ceilidh compound 4 ceilidh ceilidh NOUN Number=Sing 6 learned obl 5 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 learned nsubj 6 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 to to PART _ 8 dance mark 8 dance dance VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 learned xcomp 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 polka det 10 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 8 dance obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past we the school ceilidh vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 dance to-infinitive we not said here the polka vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location polka=Theme
Example 2 The band played a polka and everyone started hopping round the hall.
det nsubj det obj cc nsubj conj xcomp case det obl punct root The DET band NOUN played VERB a DET polka NOUN and CCONJ everyone PRON started VERB hopping VERB round ADP the DET hall NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 band det 2 band band NOUN Number=Sing 3 played nsubj 3 played play VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 polka det 5 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 3 played obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 8 started cc 7 everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 8 started nsubj 8 started start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 played conj 9 hopping hop VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 started xcomp 10 round round ADP _ 12 hall case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 hall det 12 hall hall NOUN Number=Sing 9 hopping obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 played punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 play past the band a polka vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent polka=Theme 2 start past everyone vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 3 hop gerund everyone not said here the hall vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme round hall=Trajectory
Example 3 A polka has two beats in each bar, so it is easy to clap along.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj nummod obj case det nmod punct advmod expl cop parataxis mark csubj advmod punct root A DET polka NOUN has VERB two NUM beats NOUN in ADP each DET bar NOUN , PUNCT so ADV it PRON is AUX easy ADJ to PART clap VERB along ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 polka det 2 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 beats nummod 5 beats beat NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 bar case 7 each each DET PronType=Tot 8 bar det 8 bar bar NOUN Number=Sing 5 beats nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 13 easy punct 10 so so ADV _ 13 easy advmod 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 easy expl 12 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 easy cop 13 easy easy ADJ Degree=Pos 3 has parataxis 14 to to PART _ 15 clap mark 15 clap clap VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 easy csubj 16 along along ADV _ 15 clap advmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present a polka two beats each bar vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beat=Patient 2 is present easy property tree rules 3 clap to-infinitive along property vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 4 My nan's favourite dress is red with white polka dots.
nmod:poss nmod:poss case amod nsubj cop case amod compound obl punct root My PRON nan NOUN 's PART favourite ADJ dress NOUN is AUX red ADJ with ADP white ADJ polka NOUN dots NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 nan nmod:poss 2 nan nan NOUN Number=Sing 5 dress nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 nan case 4 favourite favourite ADJ Degree=Pos 5 dress amod 5 dress dress NOUN Number=Sing 7 red nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 red cop 7 red red ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 with with ADP _ 11 dots case 9 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 11 dots amod 10 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 11 dots compound 11 dots dot NOUN Number=Plur 7 red obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 red punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present My nan's favourite dress with white polka dots; red property tree rules
Example 5 Ladybirds look like they are wearing polka dots.
nsubj mark nsubj aux advcl compound obj punct root Ladybirds NOUN look VERB like SCONJ they PRON are AUX wearing VERB polka NOUN dots NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ladybirds ladybird NOUN Number=Plur 2 look nsubj 2 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 like like SCONJ _ 6 wearing mark 4 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 wearing nsubj 5 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 wearing aux 6 wearing wear VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 look advcl 7 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 8 dots compound 8 dots dot NOUN Number=Plur 6 wearing obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present Ladybirds vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 2 wear present · progressive Ladybirds = ladybird polka dots vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent dot=Source
Example 6 The accordion player squeezed out a jolly polka.
det compound acl compound:prt det amod obl:unmarked punct root The DET accordion NOUN player NOUN squeezed VERB out ADP a DET jolly ADJ polka NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 player det 2 accordion accordion NOUN Number=Sing 3 player compound 3 player player NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 squeezed squeeze VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 player acl 5 out out ADP _ 4 squeezed compound:prt 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 polka det 7 jolly jolly ADJ Degree=Pos 8 polka amod 8 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 4 squeezed obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 player punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 squeeze out participle the accordion player not said here a jolly polka vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
Example 7 In art we printed polka dots with the ends of pencils.
case obl nsubj compound obj case det nmod case nmod punct root In ADP art NOUN we PRON printed VERB polka NOUN dots NOUN with ADP the DET ends NOUN of ADP pencils NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 art case 2 art art NOUN Number=Sing 4 printed obl 3 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 printed nsubj 4 printed print VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 6 dots compound 6 dots dot NOUN Number=Plur 4 printed obj 7 with with ADP _ 9 ends case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 ends det 9 ends end NOUN Number=Plur 6 dots nmod 10 of of ADP _ 11 pencils case 11 pencils pencil NOUN Number=Plur 9 ends nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 printed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 print past we polka dots art with the ends of pencils vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent dot=Theme in art=Destination
Example 8 Grandad and Gran polkaed round the kitchen at Christmas.
nsubj cc conj case det obl case obl punct root Grandad PROPN and CCONJ Gran PROPN polkaed VERB round ADP the DET kitchen NOUN at ADP Christmas PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandad Grandad PROPN Number=Sing 4 polkaed nsubj 2 and and CCONJ _ 3 Gran cc 3 Gran Gran PROPN Number=Sing 1 Grandad conj 4 polkaed polka VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 round round ADP _ 7 kitchen case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 kitchen det 7 kitchen kitchen NOUN Number=Sing 4 polkaed obl 8 at at ADP _ 9 Christmas case 9 Christmas Christmas PROPN Number=Sing 4 polkaed obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 polkaed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 polka past Grandad and Gran Christmas round the kitchen vn waltz-51.5 «NP V PP.trajectory PP.goal»: agent=Theme round kitchen=Trajectory
Example 9 I am going to teach you to jump and bow, to dance a waltz and a polka, and even to stand on your head.”
The tree, 24 words nsubj aux mark xcomp iobj mark xcomp cc conj punct mark conj det obj cc det conj punct cc advmod mark parataxis case nmod:poss obl punct punct root I PRON am AUX going VERB to PART teach VERB you PRON to PART jump VERB and CCONJ bow VERB , PUNCT to PART dance VERB a DET waltz NOUN and CCONJ a DET polka NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ even ADV to PART stand VERB on ADP your PRON head NOUN . PUNCT ” PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 going nsubj 2 am be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 going aux 3 going go VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 to to PART _ 5 teach mark 5 teach teach VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 going xcomp 6 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 teach iobj 7 to to PART _ 8 jump mark 8 jump jump VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 teach xcomp 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 bow cc 10 bow bow VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 jump conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 dance punct 12 to to PART _ 13 dance mark 13 dance dance VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 jump conj 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 waltz det 15 waltz waltz NOUN Number=Sing 13 dance obj 16 and and CCONJ _ 18 polka cc 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 polka det 18 polka polka NOUN Number=Sing 15 waltz conj 19 , , PUNCT _ 23 stand punct 20 and and CCONJ _ 23 stand cc 21 even even ADV _ 23 stand advmod 22 to to PART _ 23 stand mark 23 stand stand VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 going parataxis 24 on on ADP _ 26 head case 25 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 26 head nmod:poss 26 head head NOUN Number=Sing 23 stand obl 27 . . PUNCT _ 23 stand punct 28 ” " PUNCT _ 3 going punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go present · progressive I vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 teach speech: other to-infinitive I not said here you vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent you=Recipient clause=Topic 3 jump to-infinitive I not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 bow infinitive I not said here vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 5 dance to-infinitive I not said here a waltz and a polka vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location waltz=Theme 6 stand to-infinitive your head vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on head=Location
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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